1. 不定式to do表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，且to do動作的執(zhí)行者是句子的主語。動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關(guān)系，則用被動形式。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
beautiful.
種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學校看上去將更美。
2. 動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，與-ed的主語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
　　總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
3. 動詞-ing式往往表示動作正在進行，-ing的主語和動作構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系.
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。
The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。
Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。
4. 另外還有兩種固定形式：
1) There being +名詞（代詞）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。
2) It being +名詞（代詞）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關(guān)都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。