7．harm vt. & n．損害；危害

harmful adj.有害的

be harmful to＝do harm to

do sb. harm＝do harm to sb.對(duì)……有害

There is no harm in doing sth.

＝It does no harm (for sb.)to do sth.

做某事是個(gè)好主意(或沒(méi)有壞處)。

[即學(xué)即練7](1)The dog seems fierce, but it won’t ______ anyone.這條狗看上去很兇，但它不會(huì)傷害任何人。

(2)Fruit juice can ______________________ children’s teeth.

果汁可能損壞兒童的牙齒。

(3)He may say no, but ___________________________ asking.他可能拒絕，但問(wèn)一問(wèn)也無(wú)妨。

harm ?, ? ??be harmful to ? , ? ??there is no harm in

8．die out 滅亡，逐漸消失

die out 絕種，滅絕；熄滅；(風(fēng)俗、習(xí)慣等)逐漸消失

die off(家族、種族等)相繼死亡；(草木)先后枯死

die away(聲音、光線、風(fēng)等)漸弱，漸息，平息

die down(火、光線、興奮、暴風(fēng)雨等)漸弱，漸息；(聲音)

靜下來(lái)

die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饑餓、悲傷等

die from 指由于外傷、外界原因、粗心、不注意、勞累過(guò)度等而死

[即學(xué)即練8](1) Scientists said that those plants ______ a century ago.

科學(xué)家們說(shuō)那些植物一個(gè)世紀(jì)前就絕種了。

(2) Many old customs ___________________________.

許多古老的風(fēng)俗正逐漸消失。

(3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will ______________.

如果暴風(fēng)雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。

(4)Open the air hole; the fire is ___________________.

把氣孔打開(kāi)，火要熄了。

died out ?, ? ??are dying out ?, ? ??die off ?, ? ??dying down

(5)Every winter some old people _______________ hypothermia.

每年冬天都有一些老人死于體溫過(guò)低。

(6)Nowadays many people ________________ cancer.

現(xiàn)在有很多人死于癌癥。

die from ? , ? ? ?die of

9．in danger (of...)處于危險(xiǎn)之中

out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)

[即學(xué)即練9](1)The drowned girl was obviously

_________________________.

很明顯，那個(gè)溺水的女孩的生命危在旦夕。

(2)The old house is _________________ collapse.

那所老房子有倒塌的危險(xiǎn)。

(3)They were told at the hospital that their grandmother was _________________.

他們?cè)卺t(yī)院得知他們的祖母已經(jīng)脫離危險(xiǎn)了。

in immediate danger ? ?, ? ? ?in danger of ? ?, ? ? ?out of danger

拓展：與 in/out of 搭配的短語(yǔ)

in order 有秩序

in sight 看得見(jiàn)

in trouble 在困境中

in line 成行(隊(duì))

in place 適合/當(dāng)

in fashion 時(shí)尚out of order出故障(機(jī)器等工作不正常)

out of sight 看不見(jiàn)

out of trouble 擺脫困境

out of line 不成一直線

out of place 不合適

out of fashion 過(guò)時(shí)

10．protect...from/against... 保護(hù)……免受……(的傷害)

defend...from/against...保衛(wèi)……以抵制……

keep sb. from doing

stop sb. (from) doing

prevent sb. (from) doing阻止某人做

[即學(xué)即練10](1)Young plants should be well ______________ the cold.

幼苗必須被很好地保護(hù)以免受凍。

(2)The hen ___________ its young ___________ being attacked by the cat. 母雞保衛(wèi)小雞使其免遭貓的襲擊。

(3)Everyone should take up arms to __________ our country from invasion.

每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)拿起武器保衛(wèi)我們的國(guó)家不受侵犯。

(4)Nothing can ______ us ______ realizing our dreams.

什么也不能阻止我們實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想。

protected from ? , ? ??protected ? , ? ? ?against ? , ? ? ?defend ? ?, ? ? ?stop ? ?, ? ??from

提示：(1)protect against 和 protect from 意思相似，有時(shí)可互換。但是，對(duì)于較大的事情，如：敵人的入侵、天災(zāi)等，常用 protect against, 對(duì)于較小的事情常用 protect from.

(2)在 protect...from/against... 結(jié)構(gòu)中，from和 against 后面常跟 sth.，有時(shí) against 后跟 being done 來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)性。

(3)主動(dòng)句中 prevent/stop...from...中的 from 可省略，在被動(dòng)句中 from不可省略，而 keep...from...中的 from無(wú)論是在主動(dòng)句還是被動(dòng)句中都不能省略。

11．pay attention to 注意

Attention, please! 請(qǐng)注意！ (演講用語(yǔ))

(＝May I have your attention, please？)

attract/catch/draw/get one's attention to 吸引某人的注意

fix/focus/concentrate one's attention on 將注意力集中于

devote one's attention to 專心致志于

call one's attention to 喚起某人對(duì)……的注意

提示：以上短語(yǔ)中的 to、on都是介詞，其后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。

[即學(xué)即練11](1)She ______________________________ her appearance.

她很注重外表。

(2)A great deal of attention has been ______________ protecting the environment.

人們已對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境投入很多精力。

paid much attention to ? ?, ? ? ? ?paid to

12．come into being 出現(xiàn)；形成；產(chǎn)生

bring...into being 使形成；使產(chǎn)生

for the time being 暫時(shí)；眼下

[即學(xué)即練12](1)We don't know when the universe ________________________.

我們不知道宇宙是何時(shí)形成的。

(2)Such a custom ______________________ long ago.

這種風(fēng)俗很久以前就有了。

came into being ? ?, ? ? ?came into being

提示：come into being是不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，無(wú)被動(dòng)形式，無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)。類似短語(yǔ)有：come into power 當(dāng)權(quán)

come into effect 生效

come into action 開(kāi)始行動(dòng)

come into office 就職

come into sight 看得見(jiàn)

come into use 開(kāi)始使用