?時(shí)態(tài)講解：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。說(shuō)話(huà)人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。

?My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。

?I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我們以前見(jiàn)過(guò)面。

?She has arrived. 她到了。

2）表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：

I haven’t heard from her these days.? 這些日子我沒(méi)有收到她的信。??

We haven’t seen you recently.? 最近我們沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到你。

They have been away for two years.? 他們離開(kāi)已經(jīng)兩年了。??????

She has been with us since Monday.

3）. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.

We have had four texts this semester.

been to 和have gone to的區(qū)別

have been to 強(qiáng)調(diào)“去過(guò)”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，如：

He has been to the USA three times.

他到美國(guó)去過(guò)三次。（過(guò)去“到美國(guó)”，現(xiàn)在已“不在美國(guó)”）

have gone to主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說(shuō)話(huà)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，如：

--Where's your mother? --你媽媽在哪？

--She has gone to the hospital. --她去醫(yī)院了。

結(jié)構(gòu)

1.肯定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其他

2.否定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其他

3.一般疑問(wèn)句：have/has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其他

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Yes, 主語(yǔ)+have/has.?? No , 主語(yǔ)+have/has+not

4.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+have/has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其他

二、常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一起連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

注意:.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用，(如表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for, since連用.
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問(wèn)）, just, before, recently, still, lately，Just,? already,? yet,? ever,? never,? before,? twice(重復(fù)性時(shí)間)，for+短時(shí)間，since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間，so far,? how long 提問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)句中.......

　　He has already obtained a scholarship.
　　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
　　We have seen that film before.
　　Have they found the missing child yet ?
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
　　如ever, never, twice, several times等:
　　Have you ever been to Beijing
　　I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
　　I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
　　George has met that gentleman several times.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
　　如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:
　　Peter has written six papers so far.
　　Up to the present everything has been successful.
?

三、當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與表示短時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。? 若不是和短時(shí)間連用，則不用轉(zhuǎn)化。

英語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。
1. 持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞: 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
常見(jiàn)的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞:? 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱(chēng)終止性動(dòng)詞。
常見(jiàn)的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
3. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.? （他參軍已有3年了。）不用has joined??
She has been up for quite some time.? （她起床已有好久了。）不用has got up?????
Has your brother been away from home for a long time? （離家已有好久了嗎？）不用has left?
常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系：
1、go—be away?? 2、come—be here?? 3、come back—be back?? 4、leave—be away（be not here）5、buy—have?????? 6、borrow—keep????? 7、die——be dead??????? 8、begin——be on?? 9、finish—be over??? 10、open——be open?? 11、close——be closed???? 12、lose——be lost?? 13、get to know—know???? 14、turn on—be on??? 15、get up——be up?? 16、sit down—sit/beseated?? 17、join—be in（…）或be a…member???? 18、become—be
4. 瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用
例如：I haven’t seen you for a long time.（好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你了。）

四、區(qū)別下面三組詞

Have been to 表示去過(guò)某地方，不過(guò)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)

Have gone to 表示去了，還未回來(lái)

Have been in 表示一直在某個(gè)地方

五現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。
I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我剛?cè)ミ^(guò)倫敦，是上個(gè)月去的。
1. 過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響?！?br> 2. 過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
?

六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的反義疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)

主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他，have/has+not+主語(yǔ)

主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他，? have/has+主語(yǔ)

七、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析

一、考查其構(gòu)成

"助動(dòng)詞have (has) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，____ ?? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she

析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫(xiě)，故選B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)

His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句中，故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. ??A. has B. had C. did D. have

析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語(yǔ)為her parents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。

二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞

(一)當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? 　-______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish ??B. Are; finishing ??C. Did; finish ???D. Have; finished

2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed ????????B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed ???D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故1題選D，2題選D。

(二)當(dāng)句中有"for +段時(shí)間"或"since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間"等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語(yǔ))。如：

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

　A. after ??B. before ???C. since ????D. for

析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

　A. has lent ???B. has borrowed ???C. has bought ????D. has had

析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時(shí)間"的短語(yǔ)連用，故選D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.

　A. didn't receive ??B. haven't got ??C. didn't have ??D. haven't heard

析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來(lái)信"，故選B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?　-Yes, I have.

　A. went to ????B. gone to ????C. been in ?????D. been to

析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項(xiàng)意為"去某地了"，C項(xiàng)意為"一直呆在某地"，D項(xiàng)意為"去過(guò)某地"，符合題意，故選D。

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.

　A. have been in ???B. have been to?? ?C. have gone to ????D. have been

析：本題句中有"for+段時(shí)間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項(xiàng)意為"去過(guò)某地"，不合題意，D項(xiàng)缺介詞，故選A。

四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)

析：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與"段時(shí)間"連用時(shí)，除了把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞外，還可把動(dòng)詞改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或借助句型"It's +段時(shí)間+since+從句"進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)

　________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.

　A. lost ??B. don't lose ??C. have lost ??D. is coming

析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂(lè)會(huì)的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含意，故選C。