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                    滬江英語 > 英語時(shí)態(tài) > 過去完成時(shí)

                    過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(亦可以說是“過去的過去”)。過去完成時(shí)由had加過去分詞構(gòu)成。

                    1.1 過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
                    肯定句:主語 + had + 過去分詞...
                    否定句:主語 + had + not + 過去分詞...
                    疑問句:Had + 主語 + 過去分詞...?
                    疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + had + 主語 + 過去分詞...?

                    過去完成時(shí)

                    1.2 過去完成時(shí)的肯定句
                    句型:主語 + had + 過去分詞...
                    過去完成時(shí)的肯定句由助動(dòng)詞had加過去分詞構(gòu)成:

                    He had already been to New York earlier in the week.本周早些時(shí)候他去過紐約。
                    Jane had just left when you rang.你打電話時(shí)簡剛走。

                    1.3 過去完成時(shí)的否定句
                    句型:主語 + had + not + 過去分詞...
                    過去完成時(shí)的否定句是在助動(dòng)詞had后加not,之后是過去分詞:

                    At that time we hadn't met her.那時(shí)我們還沒有見到她。
                    The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.這個(gè)國家尚未從戰(zhàn)爭的影響下復(fù)原。


                    1.4 過去完成時(shí)的疑問句
                    一般疑問句句型:Had + 主語 + 過去分詞...?
                    回答方式:Yes,主語 + had.
                    No,主語 + had + not.
                    過去完成時(shí)的疑問句是將助動(dòng)詞had置于主語之前(大寫had的第一個(gè)字母),在句尾加問號;這種語序是倒裝語序:

                    I visited the museum yesterday.—Had you visited it before? —Yes,I had./No,I hadn't.昨天我參觀了這個(gè)博物館。——你以前參觀過這個(gè)博物館嗎? ——是,我去過。/沒有,我以前沒有去過。

                    1.5 過去完成時(shí)的用法
                    1.表示較早的過去

                    表示較早的過去,即某一時(shí)刻之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài):
                    In 1980,I'd never been to Paris.(=I never went there before1980.)1980年之前我從未去過巴黎。
                    After we had landed,the plane was searched thoroughly.我們降落后,飛機(jī)被徹底搜查了一遍。
                    When she heard that her father had died in the accident,she burst out crying.當(dāng)她聽說她父親在那次事故中喪生時(shí)便大哭起來。
                    2.用于間接引語
                    過去完成時(shí)的作用有時(shí)完全相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的過去形式,在間接引語中多有這種情況:
                    Helen said(that)she had moved to another flat.海倫說她已搬 到另一套房間去了。
                    He said he had been there before.他說他曾經(jīng)去過那里。
                    3.用于賓語從句
                    過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作的用法,多見于賓語從句。一般說來,主句中用了know(知道),realize(意識到),think(認(rèn)為),suppose(猜想),guess(推測),find(找到),discover(發(fā)現(xiàn)),decide(決定),remember(想起),forget(忘記)等動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí),如果賓語從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作,通常用過去完成時(shí):
                    We realized we had lost our way.我們意識到我們迷路了。
                    I didn't think to ask her if she had passed her examination.我沒有想問她是否考試及格了。
                    4.強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作的完成
                    I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had col-lected more than 2000.我從2月份開始集郵,到11月已收集到2000多枚。
                    By six o'clock they had worked for8hours.到6點(diǎn)鐘他們已經(jīng)工作了8小時(shí)了。(可能還沒結(jié)束)
                    5.用于虛擬語氣
                    過去完成時(shí)的這一用法,常見于以if only等引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
                    If only we had listened to their advice! 我們要是聽了他們的意見就好了!
                    If only you had worked with greater care! 你要是更仔細(xì)一些該多好!
                    Would that we had seen her before she died.要是在她去世之前我們能見她一面該有多好。
                    過去完成時(shí)的這一用法還見于構(gòu)成虛擬語氣的條件從句和I wish...(我希望……),I’d rather...(我寧愿……)后的that-從句:
                    I'd rather you hadn't been present.我寧愿你當(dāng)時(shí)不在場。
                    If I had asked for directions,I wouldn't have gotten lost.如果我問一下路,就不會(huì)迷失方向了。

                    6.表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算和意圖
                    過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖,只適用于下列動(dòng)詞:expect(期待),hope(希望),intend(打算),mean(打算),suppose(料想),think(認(rèn)為),want(想要)等:
                    We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.我們原本希望你會(huì)來拜訪我們。
                    I had meant to take a good holiday this year,but I was not able to leave.我本打算今年好好去度假,只是脫不開身。
                    7.與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語
                    與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語可以是already(已經(jīng)),yet(仍然),still(還),just(剛剛),hardly...when(剛……就),scarcely...before(剛……就),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從來沒有)等,也可以是by(不遲于),before(在……之前),until(直到),as soon as(一……就)等引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句:
                    When I came back at midnight she still hadn't finished.我半夜回來時(shí),她還沒有做完。
                    The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.比賽剛剛開始就下起雨來。
                    By Tuesday he hadn't done it.到星期二他還沒有做完。

                    過去完成時(shí)