本文選自吳應時主編的《大學英語六級閱讀真題精讀——晨讀伴侶》。本書對歷年國家大學英語六級考試（CET-6）的仔細閱讀部分進行了詳盡而精準的分析、翻譯和注釋，對四六級考生有著事半功倍的效果，對提升整體英語能力也很有幫助。
學習導讀：
女權主義是當今流行的社會思潮，而且傳播范圍很廣，影響群體較大。很多時候我們甚至會有這樣的錯覺，似乎男性反而成了社會的弱勢群體。但不論是從生理還是社會層面來看，男性仍舊占據(jù)著優(yōu)勢。社會上的歧視可以從表面上消解，但深層次的差別對待想要消除的話并非一朝一夕之事。文章從MBA的招生說起，來看看作者筆下的男女是否平等了。
Picture (a typical?1MBA) lecture theatre [twenty years ago]. [In it] the majority?2(of students) will have conformed?3?to the standard model (of the time): {male, middle class and Western}. Walk into a class [today], [however], and you’ll get a completely different impression. [For a start], you will [now] see plenty more women – the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, ^for example^, boasts?4?that 40% of its new enrolment?5?is female. You will [also] see a wide range (of ethnic?6groups) and nationals (of practically?7?every country).
設想一下二十年前典型的MBA課堂是什么樣子。大多數(shù)學生和那個時代的標準完全一致：男性、中產階級、西方人。然而，走進今天的課堂你會得到截然不同的印象。首先，你會看到更多的女同學，例如賓夕法尼亞大學沃頓學院自稱他們的新生中女生占40%。同時，你還會看到，這些學生來自不同的民族和幾乎每一個國家。
注：1. typical adj. (of)典型的，有代表性的。例：
a typical example典型的例子
He is a typical man of hard work.
他是努力工作的典型。
Women typically spend six months to a year or more before making a decision.
女性總得來說要花半年到一年或更多的時間方能做決定。
[選自：CNN: updated]
【派】typically(adv.典型地，有代表性地)
2. majority n. 多數(shù)，大多數(shù)；成年。例：
Today the majority of jobs are in the service industry.
如今，大多數(shù)工作職位來自服務行業(yè)。
majority status成人身份
3. conform vt. 遵守，依照，順應。例：
conform to/with符合，遵照，遵守
All of the citizens shall conform with the traffic regulations.
所有的市民都應該遵守交通規(guī)則。
In other words, they do not conform in the slightest to the popular stereotype.
換句話說，他們一點兒也不遵循主流的那一套。
[選自：ECONOMIST: Muslims in Europe]
【派】conformity(n.遵守；一致)；nonconformist(n.非國教徒)
4. boast v. 自夸，夸耀。例：
boast of/about 夸耀
nobody should boast of his learning.
誰都不應當夸耀自己的學識。
n. 自夸，大話。例：
Annie made many boasts about her son.
安妮把她的兒子夸得天花亂墜。
Even in this respect, the generals cannot boast that they have done better than the politicians.
即便是在這個方面，將軍們也不能夸耀他們比政治家要做得好。
[選自：ECONOMIST: Thailand]
5. enrolment n. 登記，注冊。例：
The deadline for enrolment is two days before the class.
注冊最后期限是上課前兩天。
6. ethnic adj. 種族的，民族的。例：
The experts focus in the study of ethnic issues.
這些專家致于研究種族問題。
And some ethnic groups such as African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to develop it.
某些種族，比如非裔美國人和西班牙人都更容易得糖尿病。
[選自：MSN: Diabetes shame plus denial a risky combo]
【參】ethics(n.道德規(guī)范)
7. practically adv. 幾乎，實際上；簡直。例：
When the planet’s richest man drops by,the occasion is practically a state visit.
全國首富順道來訪，其場面隆重得簡直像是一次國事訪談。
【參】impractical(adj.不切實際的)；practicable(adj.可行的，能行的)；practicality(n.實用性)
It might be tempting?1, [therefore], to think that the old barriers?2?have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, [increasingly], this apparent?3diversity is becoming a mask [for a new type of conformity]. [Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues], there are common attitudes, expectations?4?and ambitions (which risk creating a set of?5?clones [among the business leaders] (of the future).)
由此你可能會以為陳規(guī)桎梏已被打碎、平等機遇已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)。但是，這種表面上的多樣性正在逐漸成為新的一致性的外衣。在不同性別、膚色、母語背后暗藏著相同的態(tài)度、期望和雄心，可能會有這樣的風險：在未來的商界領導人中創(chuàng)造出一批千篇一律的人。
注：1. tempt vt. 誘惑，引誘；吸引，使感興趣。例：
Nothing could ever tempt me to betray my motherland.
無論何時都沒有什么能誘使我背叛我的祖國。
We refused the offer even though it tempted us.
盡管給出的條件讓我們很感興趣，但是我們還是拒絕了。
Setbacks, which are inevitable, may well tempt Beijing’s leaders to call a halt to the experiment.
難以避免的挫折可能會引發(fā)北京領導人暫停該嘗試。
[選自：CNN: Ballot Power?]
【派】temptation(n.引誘，誘惑)
2. barrier n. 柵欄，屏障；障礙（物）。例：
The pedestrian jumped the barrier when the police watched elsewhere.
那個行人趁警察瞅別的地方的時候越過了柵欄。
3. apparent adj. 明顯的，顯而易見的，表面的，貌似的。例：
Tom was confused by his apparent change in personality.
湯姆對他性格的明顯變化感到困惑。
Apart from the apparent deformity the frogs seem to be in good condition and are spawning.
除了明顯的畸形之外，青蛙看上去狀態(tài)不錯，還在產卵。
[選自：BBC: NEWS | UK | England | Cambridgeshire | Five legged frogs spark inquiry]
4. expectation n. 期望，期望，指望。例：
I had no expectation that the team would win.
我預計那個隊贏不了。
5. a set of 一組，一套。例：
Can I borrow a set of playing cards?
我能借一副撲克嗎？
We have a set of issues on which we have to deal with the Chinese.
我們跟中國人之前有一堆議題需要解決。
[選自：CNN: THE ALBRIGHT AGENDA]
Diversity?1, ^it seems^, has not helped to address fundamental?2?weaknesses [in business leadership]. So what can be done to create [more] (effective) managers (of the commercial world)? [According to Valerie Gauthier], {associate dean?3?at HEC Paris}, the key lies in the process (by which MBA programmes recruit?4their students.) [At the moment] candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria?5?{such as prior?6?academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities}. This is [then] coupled to a school’s picture (of what a diverse class should look like,) [with the result] (that passport, ethnic origin and sex can [all] become influencing factors.) But schools [rarely] dig down to find out what [really] makes an applicant eed>, to create a class (which [also] contains diversity (of attitude and approach)) – [arguably] the only diversity (that, ^in a business context^, [really] matters.)
多樣性似乎不能解決商業(yè)領導力的根本弱點。那么如何才能創(chuàng)造出更高效的商界經(jīng)理呢？巴黎高等商學院副院長Valerie Gauthier認為關鍵在于MBA項目的招生程序。招生時，候選人以相對狹小的標準來篩選，比如主要看學術、職業(yè)表現(xiàn)以及分析和解決問題的能力。這就和多樣化課堂應有的樣子聯(lián)系起來，結果是，護照、民族和性別都可能成為影響因素。但是，學校很少去發(fā)掘申請者的成功原因，很少致力于創(chuàng)造一個包容多種態(tài)度和方法的課堂——可以說，這樣的多樣性才是商業(yè)環(huán)境中最重要的。
注：1. diversity n.差異，多樣化，（人在種族、民族、宗教等方面）多樣的。例：
How does diversity affect supervisors?
多樣性將如何影響管理者。
【參】diverse(adj.多種多種樣的，不同的)
2. fundamental adj. 基礎的，基本的。例：
fundamental innovation基礎性的創(chuàng)新
fundamental process基礎過程
fundamental element基本元素
Families, she said, are the fundamental economic unit — and they need money and jobs.
她表示，家庭方為經(jīng)濟的基本單位——而家庭成員需要金錢和工作。
[選自：NPR: Economy Trumps Social Issues In Conservative SC]
n. [pl.]基本原則，基本原理。例：
This math class covers the fundamentals of algebra.
這堂數(shù)學課上講授了代數(shù)的基本原則。
【派】fundamentally(adv.基礎地，根本地)
3. dean n. 教長，主持牧師；（大學的）學院院長，系主任，訓導主任。例：
At any rate ,to become a dean in the parish is my aim.
無論如何，當該教區(qū)的主持牧師是我的目標。
The dean of our college set up a special award for hardworking students.
我們院的院長為那些刻苦學習的學生設立了一個特別獎項。
4. recruit v. 招募（新兵），招收（新成員）。例：
The Argentine ants can quickly recruit a huge army from their network of nests.
阿根廷螞蟻很快地從它們的巢穴網(wǎng)中招募起一直龐大的蟻軍。
n. 新兵，新成員。例：
The new recruits will be sent to the front soon.
新兵將被立即派往前線。
5. criteria n. 準則（criterion的名詞復數(shù)），（批評、判斷等的）標準。例：
The main criteria is value for money.
主要的標準是用得劃算。
Ms Ramsey said the criteria defining which courses were eligible for EMA was too traditional.
Ramsey女士表示在認定什么課程符合教育進修津貼時所用的標準已然過時。
[原文中EMA指：education maintenance allowance]
[選自：BBC: Maintenance allowance]
6. prior adj. 優(yōu)先的，先前的；(to)優(yōu)先，在...之前。例：
In most families,the children have a prior claim on the mothers’ time.
在大多數(shù)家庭中，母親的時間首先得先花在孩子身上。
Prior to his departure ,he addressed a letter to his daughter.
他臨行錢給女兒寫了封信。
We did not see any of these documents prior to their being put online.
在這些文件放到網(wǎng)上之前我們并未見到。
[選自：WHITEHOUSE: Press Briefing]
Professor Gauthier believes schools should [not] [just] be selecting candidates [from traditional sectors?1] {such as banking, consultancy?2?and industry}. They should [also] be seeking individuals (who have backgrounds [in areas] {such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy},) (which will allow them [to put business decisions into a wider context].)
Gauthier教授認為，學校不應該只從銀行業(yè)、咨詢業(yè)和工業(yè)等傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)選擇申請者。校方也應該從有政治科學、創(chuàng)造性藝術、歷史或哲學等領域背景的人中選材，這樣才能使他們在更廣泛的背景下做出商業(yè)決定。
注：1. sector n. 部分，部門，行業(yè)；防御地段，防區(qū)；扇形。例：
We are discussing how to assign the private sector of the interests.
我們正在討論如何分配利潤中的個人部分。
The way we look at the Japanese agricultural sector is their average age is 66.
我們考察日本農業(yè)的方式是農業(yè)人口的平均年齡為66歲。
[選自：BBC: Trade talks pit Japanese farmers against industry]
2. consultancy n. 顧問工作，顧問職位，咨詢公司。例：
I’m one of three directors at a small consultancy.
我是一家小型咨詢公司的三個董事之一。
[Indeed], there does seem to be a demand [for the more rounded leaders] (such diversity might create.) A study [by Mannaz], {a leadership development company}, suggests that, [while the bully-boy?1?chief executive?2(of old) may not have been eradicated?3?[completely],] there is a definite shift?4?[in emphasis towards less tough styles of management] – [at least] [in America and Europe]. [Perhaps] most significant, [according to Mannaz], is the increasing interest (large companies have [in more collaborative?5management models], {such as those prevalent?6?in Scandinavia},) (which seek to integrate?7?the hard and soft aspects (of leadership) and encourage delegated?8?responsibility and accountability?9.)
似乎確實需要因多樣性而培養(yǎng)的能力更全面的領導人。領袖力培訓公司Mannaz的一份研究表明，盡管舊式的粗暴主管可能還沒有完全消失，至少在美國和歐洲，重心已經(jīng)明確地轉向溫和的管理風格。根據(jù)Mannaz的觀點，或許更重要的是，大公司采用的合作性更強的管理模式帶來了更多的效益，例如在斯堪的納維亞盛行的模式，即在管理上剛柔并濟、并鼓勵放權負責。
注：1. bully-boy n. <口>（受人雇傭且尤其是與政治有關的）流氓，打手。例：
He is a bully-boy.
他是個流氓。
adj. 流氓（行為）的。例：
Some people accuse the tax inspectors of bully-boy tactics.
有些人質控稅務稽查員使用了；流氓的手段。
2. executive n. 總經(jīng)理，董事，行政負責人。例：
This company has an outgoing chief executive.
這個公司有一位出色的首席執(zhí)行官。
adj. 執(zhí)行的，實施的。例：
Our manager is a man of great executive ability.
我們經(jīng)理是個執(zhí)行能力非常強的人。
3. eradicate vt. 連根拔除，根除。例：
We are determined to eradicate racism from our sport.
我們決心要根除運動中的種族歧視。
Both the UK and Welsh governments have pledged to eradicate all child poverty by 2020.
英國政府和威爾士政府保證在2020年之前徹底消滅兒童貧困問題。
[選自：BBC: Save the Children warning on Wales child poverty target]
4. shift v. 替換，轉移，移動。例：
He shifted the conversation to a more comfortable subject.
他將話題轉移到一個比較愉快的話題上。
n. 轉移，轉換，轉變；輪班，換班。文中為名詞。例：
Her shift in foreign policy angered the senators.
她在外交政策上的轉變讓議員們很生氣。
My shift begins at 6:00pm and ends at midnight.
我下午六點上班，午夜十二點交班。
But even a small shift in driving habits can have a big impact on transit.
但哪怕是駕駛習慣的細微改變，也能對交通帶來大的影響。
[選自：MSN: Transit ridership up, highway travel down]
5. collaborative adj. 合作的，協(xié)作的。例：
Business is a collaborative art that persuasion and negotiation.
經(jīng)營是一門關于合作的藝術，需要的是說服和協(xié)商。
【派】collaboratively(adv.合作地)。例：
He was not the kind of artist who worked collaboratively.
他不是那種善于與人合作的藝術家。
6. prevalent adj. 流行的，普遍的。例：
a prevalent belief普遍的信仰
Colds were never so prevalent as they have been this winter.
以往，感冒從未像今年冬天這么流行過。
It seems to be common knowledge that tapping-up has been prevalent in football for years.
這些年在足球圈里面，勸導球員私自轉會很是流行，而這似乎也成了常識。
[tapping-up這個詞在詞典里面查不到，維基百科給出了專業(yè)解釋：In professional team sports, tapping up (British English) or tampering (American English) is an attempt to persuade a player contracted to one team to transfer to another team, without the knowledge or permission of the player's current team. This kind of approach is often made through the player's agent. 在職業(yè)隊伍中，該詞指繞過隊員所屬球隊而試圖勸服該球員簽署轉會協(xié)議。這種行為常由球員的經(jīng)紀人進行。][如果在閱讀中遇到這類詞語，一定要聯(lián)系上下文看看該詞講的是怎樣的事情。][選自：BBC: By Ian Hughes]
7. integrate vt. 使一體化；使整合。例：
Integrate your learnings into your plans for the future.
將你的學習收獲整合進將來的計劃。
【派】integrated(adj.和諧的，融合的) 。例：
He thinks we are living in a fully integrated, supportive society.
他認為我們活在一個完全和諧、相互扶持的社會里。
integration(n.融合)
It was a failure to connect and integrate and understand the intelligence we had.
我們在溝通、整合和理解所掌握的情報上失敗了。
[intelligence指智力，也可指情報，這是白宮的文件，按上下文取情報之意。]
[選自：WHITEHOUSE: Press Briefing on Security Review]
8. delegate n. 代表。例：
He was the chief te to the Paris peace talks.
他是美國派往巴黎進行和平會談的首席代表。
vt. 委派...為代表，授權。例：
We decided to delegate Jim to attend conference.
我們決定委派吉姆作為出席這次會議。
【派】delegation(n.代表團；授權，委托)
但值得注意的是，原文中并未使用delegate的動詞形式，而是用過去分詞，在文中相當于形容詞，作responsibility and accountability的前置定語。
9. accountability n. 責任感，義務。例：
Accountability implies risk and reward.
責任意味著風險和回報并存。
【參】accountable(adj.有責任的)。例：
Public official can finally be held accountable for their actions.
終于要對政府官員實行問責了。
The new governing body must create a clear accountability between school management, governors and trustees.
新的管理部門必須厘清置于學校管理、管理員和受托人的責任。
[選自：BBC: Catholic school St Benedict's sorry for sex abuse 'legacy']
