第一部分 寫作的要求、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及評(píng)卷實(shí)例

（一）短文寫作的要求

《碩士研究生英語入學(xué)考試大綱》規(guī)定：英語短文寫作，要求考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇約200個(gè)單詞的短文（不包括試題中所給的短文開頭的第一句話）。出題方式有：命題作文、看圖作文、情景作文或段首句作文。短文必須根據(jù)考題中所給的題目和提綱所規(guī)定的范圍來寫。主要測試考生綜合運(yùn)用英語（包括詞匯、語法、邏輯等）的能力。

（二）評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

本題采用總體評(píng)分法，通篇分檔計(jì)分，即從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。語言上的錯(cuò)誤，要視其是否影響清楚地表達(dá)思想，或成為理解上的障礙，來判來定其嚴(yán)重程度?！皹泳怼笔窃u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的具體化。每一分?jǐn)?shù)段的中間分，各有樣卷兩份。閱卷員要根據(jù)第五項(xiàng)的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照“樣卷”進(jìn)行評(píng)分（不得給0.5分）。評(píng)分要實(shí)事求是，嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始終統(tǒng)一，要避免前緊后松，還應(yīng)避免趨中現(xiàn)象。作文的字?jǐn)?shù)明顯不足者，結(jié)合其內(nèi)容和語言適當(dāng)扣分。

1999年評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

15——13分：內(nèi)容切題，包括圖中說明"effect"的有關(guān)信息；清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確，文章長度符合要求。
12——10分：內(nèi)容切題，包括圖中說明"effect"的有關(guān)信息，比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；文字基本連貫；句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤，文章長度符合要求。
9分——7分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括圖中說明"effect"的有關(guān)信息；基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤，文章長度符合要求。
6分——4分：內(nèi)容基本切題，基本表達(dá)圖中信息，語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤，文章長度基本符合要求。
3分——1分：基本按圖寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可理解。
0分：文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。

1998年評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

本題以通篇文檔計(jì)分，計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：
15——13分：內(nèi)容切題，包括圖畫的全部信息；清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。
12——10分：內(nèi)容切題，包括圖畫的全部信息；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫，句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤，文章長度符合要求。
9——7分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括圖畫的信息；基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤。文章長度符合要求。
6——4分：基本表達(dá)圖畫信息，語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤。文章長度基本符合要求。
3——1分：基本按圖畫寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可理解。
0分：文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。
長度計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
120——150詞：扣2分
90——120詞：扣5分
90詞以下：最高分不超過6分

1997年評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

各檔評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：
15分——13分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括對(duì)各圖的說明，對(duì)趨勢的預(yù)測理由，數(shù)字表達(dá)正確，語言流暢，句式變化多樣，用詞面寬，雖有個(gè)別不妥之處，仍表明作者語言基本功較好，表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)，長度符合要求。
12分——10分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括對(duì)各圖的說明，對(duì)趨勢的預(yù)測及理由，數(shù)字表達(dá)正確，思想表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫，句式變化較多，結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞有少量一般性錯(cuò)誤，長度符合要求。
9分——7分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括對(duì)各圖的說明，對(duì)趨勢的預(yù)測及理由，表達(dá)基本清楚，但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯(cuò)誤較多，數(shù)字表達(dá)有誤，長度符合要求。
6分——4分：內(nèi)容基本符合要求，語句尚可理解，但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯(cuò)誤多，有些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤數(shù)字表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，長度符合要求。
3分——1分：內(nèi)容與本題要求部分有關(guān)，除事先備好但與要求不符的語句外，結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯(cuò)誤多且嚴(yán)重，詞不達(dá)意，條理不清，不成篇章，數(shù)字表達(dá)混亂。
0分：語句幾乎無一正確，數(shù)字表達(dá)混亂，長度不合要求。套用事先備好的文章，但文不對(duì)聯(lián)題，不能給分。

1991——1996年評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

本題以通篇分檔計(jì)分，計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：總分15分
15——13分：內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。
12——10分：內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)；表達(dá)清楚，文字基本連貫；句式有一些變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤。
9——7分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括文章的要點(diǎn)；表達(dá)基本清楚，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤。
6——4分：內(nèi)容基本切題，語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤。
3——1分：基本按題意寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。
0分：文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。
長度計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
91——100詞：扣1分
81——91詞：扣2.5分
71——80詞：扣4分
61——70詞：扣6分
60詞以下：扣8分

（三）評(píng)卷實(shí)例（1999年）
Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
2. possible reason for the effect
3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

樣卷1．得分14分

From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. First, with a rapid growth of population, more and more people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new evironment and die. Second, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third, with the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The deforestration has become more and more serious. So some of the wildlives become homeless and extinct.
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.

樣卷2．得分11分

There are two graphs about the changes of population and wildlife in the U.S. As is seen in the graphs, with the rising of population, the number of extincted species increased. Obviously, there is a strong effect of population over the wildlife in this country.
Why does is happen? I can say there are many reasons. First, man continued to hunt animals for food and money and many valuable species were killed. Second, wildlife lost their surviving space, bacause man expanded their industry at a rapid speed. More land was needed for this development As a result, wildlife has no place to live. The last reason is that the environment for wildlife has been polluted, and many species died.
In my opinion, we should educate people to love the wild animals, not to kill and eat them. We also need to provide wildlife with a good living conditions. We must also lay down a law to protect the wild animals.

得卷3．得分8分

As is shown in the table, the number of people increased from less than one million in 1800 to 250 millon in 1990 in U.S. According to the figures in table, we also can see that there has been a sharp dicline in the wildlife species. It's clear that the country's growing population have a harmful effect on wildlife.
The possible reason I think are as follows: For the first place, the population growth makes the room of the wildlife. Secondly, the pollution causing of people gets rid of large number of wildlife. Maybe there are some other reason to show the wildlife downs, but people generally believe that the above reason are common acceptable.
From the above, we can see that it is urgent to protect the wildlife. In my opinion, we ask the govenments to take measures to keep the population growth under controlling, the other policy that is to work on new regulations for wildlife, the man who get rid of the wildlife should be punished. I'm sure my opinion is both sounded and grounded.

樣卷4．得分5分

According to the graphs given by the table. The are shown the effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife. The number of people have been on the rise from 1800 to 1980. But the number of species had been on the rise from 1600 to 1900, and the species had died out since 1900.
There are I think some reasons for the ups and downs of population growth. On the first place, as a people with the development of society, the standard of living conditions continues to improvement. The birth rates is increcased and the death rates is at the declined. Secondly the species, on the other hand, are lived on the rural areas. Their conditions of lives were slow and they were able to protect themselves. So species is decrease.
As far as I concern, I suggest that we did our best to protect wildlife. The government should make effective measures to protect wildlife. Everyone should educated to propect wildlife.

樣卷5．得分2分

From tables, we can see that the country's growing human population on its wildlife. It rise 250 from 1800 to 1900. I think, there at least two reasons. For one thing, some people want to return the nation. They free themself from hard works. For another, some people lover the wildlife. People's life lever has risen fastly. On the second table, it is clear that the risen rate faster from 1800 to 1900 than from 1600 to 1800.
But, there are degened. Firstly, there are not secured. There many harmful things in the wild. Secondly, the lead to traffic in the weekend. Beacause mostly people are freed in the same time.
As far as I am concerned, I think that people should paid much attention to the wildlife protection.

樣卷6．得分0分

According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.
There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing in many countries, especially in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don't cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the death rate i most developed countries declines steadily because people's standards of living are raised and health care improves.
In may opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as result of improvements in medical care.