1998 Passage 1??


  
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

  The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

  But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

  And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

  Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

  Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.

51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.
  [A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
  [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
  [C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
  [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.
  [A] areas short of electricity
  [B] dams without power stations
  [C] poor countries around India
  [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
  [A] They bring in more fertile soil.
  [B] They help defend the country.
  [C] They strengthen international ties.
  [D] They have universal control of the waters.

54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.
  [A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"
  [B] "More haste, less speed"
  [C] "Look before you leap"
  [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"


重點(diǎn)詞匯

imagination /i7mAdVi5neiFEn/ 想象;想象力)←imagin(e)想象+tion名詞后綴。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知識(shí)更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科學(xué)的每一個(gè)重大進(jìn)展都得力于大膽的想象力。imagination the highest kite one can fly a poor substitute for experience 想象——①一個(gè)人能放得最高的風(fēng)箏 ②經(jīng)驗(yàn)的劣質(zhì)替代品。

symbol /5simbEl/ 符號(hào);象征)即sym+bol,sym-共同,bol看作ball,“共同喜歡球類運(yùn)動(dòng)”→這是現(xiàn)代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。

cement /si5ment/ v.膠合;鞏固n.水泥;膠接劑)。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.溫柔天真的依從是愛(ài)情的粘合劑。

deprive /di5praiv/ v.剝奪)即de+priv+e,de-(=away),priv詞根“個(gè)人的”(如privatepriv+ate→私人的),“使某物離開個(gè)人”→剝奪。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.貧窮常使人喪失全部精神與美德,空袋子是難以直立的。

persist /pE(:)5sist/ v.堅(jiān)持,持續(xù))即per+sist,per-“完全”,sist詞根“站立”,于是“自始至終都站著”→堅(jiān)持。參consistently(始終如一地),1999Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目標(biāo)地堅(jiān)持努力終將導(dǎo)致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯錯(cuò)誤,但只有愚蠢的人才堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤。

complex /5kCmpleks/ 復(fù)雜的;綜合的;聯(lián)合體)即com+plexcom-“一起”,plex詞根“重疊”,“重疊在一起的”→復(fù)雜的。參perplex(使困惑,使復(fù)雜化)←per完全+plex2003Text 2。Everything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的簡(jiǎn)單,同時(shí)比你想象的復(fù)雜。

go-ahead n.批準(zhǔn),允許。

wrong-headed 執(zhí)迷不悟的。

environmental /in7vaiErEn5mentl/ 周圍的,環(huán)境的)←environment環(huán)境+al形容詞后綴。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.稱為健康的東西是什么?不過(guò)是一種狀態(tài),處于這種狀態(tài)的人剛好一時(shí)對(duì)環(huán)境完全適應(yīng)。這種狀態(tài)顯然不可能常見(jiàn),因?yàn)榄h(huán)境是在不斷改變的。environment everything that isn't me 環(huán)境——除我以外的一切。

proper /5prCpE/ 適當(dāng)?shù)模缓虾躞w統(tǒng)的;固有的)。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.風(fēng)度的準(zhǔn)確定義就是在適當(dāng)?shù)膱?chǎng)合說(shuō)適當(dāng)?shù)脑挕?/span>A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的確非常需要頭銜,那使人們稱他為伯爵或公爵,從而忘掉他固有的名字——傻瓜。

resolve /ri5zClv/ v.n.決心;解決;決議)←re+solve解決。同根詞:dissolvev.溶解;解散)←dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.偉人之所以偉大,是因?yàn)樗⒅疽蔀閭ト恕?/span>Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.該做的事要下決心去做,決定去做的事要?jiǎng)?wù)必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫敗就放棄原來(lái)決心達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。

conflict /5kCnflikt/ v.n.沖突)即con+flict,con-一起,flict詞根“打”,“打在一起”→沖突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.沒(méi)有沖突的婚姻幾乎與沒(méi)有危機(jī)的國(guó)家一樣難以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)我們希望宗教能改變?nèi)说奶煨圆p少?zèng)_突。但歷史卻令人失望。歷史上最血腥的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都是宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

hydroelectric /5haidrEi5lektrik/ 水電的)即hydro+electric,hydro詞根“水的”,electric單詞“電的”。另記:hydrogen(氫)←hydro+gen,這是化學(xué)家創(chuàng)造的英文單詞,因?yàn)闅錃馊紵奈ㄒ划a(chǎn)物是水,-gen后綴意為“致……的物質(zhì)”。

irrigation /7iri5^eiFEn/ 灌溉;水利)與irritation(激怒;刺激物)一字母之差,聯(lián)想記憶:“溉”的聲母為g,故灌溉為irriGation,而irriTAtion為激怒“他”。

at the mercy of 受……支配;stop just short of 幾乎要……;far from guaranteed 根本沒(méi)有保障。

難句解析

Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
▲這個(gè)句子中包含了一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,基本結(jié)構(gòu)是it is... that...,強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的關(guān)鍵詞是suffering,這個(gè)詞就是后面that引導(dǎo)的從句的主語(yǔ),因而這個(gè)句子的核心句其實(shí)就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。suffering加上前后的修飾、限定成分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought(人類受水旱災(zāi)害控制的長(zhǎng)期的苦難);ideal后面跟了一個(gè)of引導(dǎo)的分詞短語(yǔ):forcing the waters to do our bidding(讓河水聽(tīng)我們吩咐[的這個(gè)理想]);suffering使得這個(gè)ideal如何呢?so fascinating。在掌握了這個(gè)整體框架之后,這個(gè)句子就很清楚了。
△通過(guò)分析結(jié)構(gòu)我們知道此句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是suffering這個(gè)使得ideal如此fascinating的這個(gè)因果關(guān)系。一旦給that引導(dǎo)的從句找到了真正的主語(yǔ)suffering,這個(gè)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)就出來(lái)了。

It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam had become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.
▲這個(gè)句子中第一個(gè)單詞it指代的是文章中上面的一句話,即“從大型水壩中得到的教訓(xùn)是不一定大的就是好的”。help后面是一個(gè)從句,在這個(gè)從句中,主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ),核心句是Building a dam had become a symbol of achievement。分詞短語(yǔ)striving to assert themselves是修飾nations and people的限定成分。
△注意it doesn't help的意思,此處意為“無(wú)法阻止”。

The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
▲這個(gè)句子首先要注意的是有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ):stoppeddeprived;然后可以找出這個(gè)句子的核心句:The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt。第一個(gè)silt后面有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句that floods left修飾silt;破折號(hào)后面的all代替的是破折號(hào)前面所說(shuō)的the fertile silt,介詞短語(yǔ)in return for后面的賓語(yǔ)帶了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句,修飾的是這個(gè)賓語(yǔ):a giant reservoir of disease,同時(shí)這個(gè)從句中還有一個(gè)so... that的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果把這個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句分解開來(lái)就是The reservoir is now full of silt, so it barely generates electricity
△此句理解的關(guān)鍵有三個(gè):一是找到兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ):stoppeddeprived;二是要明白all指的是前面所說(shuō)的the fertile silt;三就是which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾的是the reservoir of disease這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)。

This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.
▲這個(gè)句子理解上的困難可能出現(xiàn)在短語(yǔ)上。撇開前面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)不看,這個(gè)句子的核心句其實(shí)是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending troops。這里有兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)需要理解:short of差一點(diǎn)就;send in派遣。后面的in their contention over a dam說(shuō)的是他們sending in the troops的原因。再加上前后的狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ),就有了一個(gè)完整理解。
△這個(gè)句子的短語(yǔ)和介詞非常重要,除了結(jié)構(gòu)分析中所說(shuō)的兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)之外,in the contentions,over a dam,on the Danube都對(duì)句子理解非常重要。

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.
▲這個(gè)句子的核心句是Study can help to resolve conflicts。但是理解的重點(diǎn)卻在study后面的修飾成分,因?yàn)?/span>study后面有兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的of,說(shuō)明了study的內(nèi)容:study of the impacts of damsstudy of the cost and benefits of controlling water。第三個(gè)of修飾的是the cost and benefits兩個(gè)名詞,of后面是個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。這個(gè)修飾成分解決了,后面的句子就好理解了,再注意一下help to do sth.的用法。
△主要是四個(gè)of的用法,注意哪兩個(gè)of是并列關(guān)系(of the impactsof the cost and benefits)。

試題解析

51. [C] 意為:過(guò)于興奮的人容易忽視極為重要的事情。
  第一段指出,在重大技術(shù)所創(chuàng)造的東西中,很少有比大壩更能體現(xiàn)人的幻想的。也許是因?yàn)槿祟愰L(zhǎng)期遭受洪澇和干旱的襲擊,使人類(通過(guò)筑壩)制服洪水的愿望顯得更加令人興奮不已(該句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,基本句型是:it is... that makes... so fascinating)。這兩句談的是人們的愿望;本段第三、四句話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),指出愿望與現(xiàn)實(shí)往往相反,所以,第三句應(yīng)該在第一、二句意思的基礎(chǔ)上理解。第三句可理解為:但是,興奮有時(shí)候也表現(xiàn)為盲目。而第三句的意思又被第四句進(jìn)一步闡釋為:有些大壩工程為害多于為善(do more harm than good)。盲目建設(shè)大壩的危害在第三、五段都舉了具體例子加以說(shuō)明。
  A意為:人們?nèi)绻麩o(wú)視現(xiàn)實(shí)就會(huì)感到高興。
  B意為:盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福。
  D怠為:興奮使人雙目失明。

52. [D] 意為:訥爾默達(dá)河大壩周圍的平民百姓。
  訥爾默達(dá)河位于印度。根據(jù)第五段,建設(shè)訥爾默達(dá)河大壩(Narmada Dam)本來(lái)就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤(wrong-headed),但是,世界銀行還是向印度貸款,支持大壩建設(shè)。銀行的顧問(wèn)指出,大壩將給平民百姓帶來(lái)苦難,給環(huán)境帶來(lái)破壞,但是,銀行方面卻一意孤行。大壩的建設(shè)也許會(huì)給掌權(quán)有勢(shì)的人帶來(lái)益處。但是,即使這一點(diǎn)也根本沒(méi)有保障(即:很難保障大壩會(huì)給有權(quán)勢(shì)者帶來(lái)利益)。該句中的the powerless(平民百姓)在意思上應(yīng)該對(duì)應(yīng)于上一句的the powerful(有權(quán)勢(shì)者)。
  A意為:缺電力的地區(qū)。
  B意為:沒(méi)建電站的大壩。
  C意為:印度周邊的窮國(guó)。
  定冠詞the置于形容詞之前經(jīng)常指一類人,如:the poor窮人,the rich富人,the miserable受苦難的人,the young年輕人,等等。

53. [D] 意為:它們普遍能控制住洪水。
  第一段第一、二句指出,人們幻想大壩來(lái)達(dá)到控制洪水的目的,但有時(shí)意識(shí)不到大壩會(huì)帶來(lái)意想不到的后果。第三段也指出,大壩有時(shí)有違其建設(shè)目的,埃及的阿斯旺高壩(Aswan High Dam)就是一個(gè)例子。大壩起到了制服尼羅河洪水泛濫的作用,但也不再有洪水過(guò)后留下的肥沃的沖積土壤;換來(lái)的只是(all in return for)一個(gè)碩大的病態(tài)水庫(kù),水庫(kù)被淤泥填滿,幾乎無(wú)法發(fā)電。
  第四段指出,盡管如此,制服洪水的神話還在繼續(xù)傳送。這句話的意思是:人們?nèi)匀灰晃兜鼗孟胫ㄟ^(guò)建壩來(lái)控制水:其含義是,盡管大壩的建設(shè)有時(shí)弊多于利,會(huì)給人類帶來(lái)意想不到的后果,但是,人們建壩的熱情還是很高,本段下文提到了斯洛伐克和匈牙利擬在多瑙河上建壩的事。最后一段第二句指出,其實(shí),水力發(fā)電也好,治水也好,灌溉也好,未必都只有通過(guò)建壩進(jìn)行。
  A意為:它們帶來(lái)更肥沃的土地。
  B意為:它們有助于國(guó)防。第二段第二句指出,有些人把建設(shè)碩大的大壩看作是國(guó)家成就的象征,是一個(gè)民族獨(dú)立(assert themselves)的體現(xiàn),這其實(shí)是一種幻想(It doesn't help that...);第四段第二、三、四句指出,本周,在文明的歐洲中心,為了多瑙河上的建壩事宜,斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人幾乎就要派駐軍隊(duì)了,該大壩也可能產(chǎn)生其他大壩存在的所有問(wèn)題,但是,斯洛伐克正在鬧獨(dú)立(is bidding for independence),想脫離捷克,它想通過(guò)大壩來(lái)證明自己的能力和獨(dú)立性(prove itself)??梢?jiàn),人們想通過(guò)大壩證明自己的國(guó)力和獨(dú)立性,并非將大壩用于國(guó)防。
  C意為;它們?cè)鰪?qiáng)國(guó)際聯(lián)系。

54. [C] 意為:“三思而后行?!?/span>
  該題實(shí)際上提問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn):作者想通過(guò)本文說(shuō)明什么道理。
  文章指出,人們對(duì)大壩的建設(shè)存在很多幻想,所以經(jīng)常事與愿違。在最后一段最后兩句,作者指出,該是我們認(rèn)真吸取阿斯旺大壩的教訓(xùn)的時(shí)候了。言外之意,不要再存在理想化心理,我們應(yīng)該變得更加理智一點(diǎn),因?yàn)?,我們未必非要通過(guò)大壩來(lái)拯救自己(You don't need a dam to be saved.),這一句回溯該段第二句:其實(shí),水力發(fā)電也好,治水也好,灌溉也好,未必都只有通過(guò)建壩實(shí)現(xiàn)。言外之意,應(yīng)該消除對(duì)大壩的迷戀,多動(dòng)腦筋,積極尋求更好的措施解決我們的問(wèn)題。
  A意為:“覆水難收?!北扔骱蠡谑菦](méi)有用的。
  B意為:“欲速則不達(dá)?!?/span>
  D意為:“笑到最后才算笑得最好。”比喻受到挫折時(shí)不要輕易放棄,應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持。

全文翻譯

  在重大技術(shù)所創(chuàng)造的東西中很少能像大型水壩這樣讓人癡迷的??赡苷且?yàn)槿祟愰L(zhǎng)期遭受旱澇災(zāi)害的擺布才使得人們治理江河、供我驅(qū)策的理想如此令人癡迷。但讓人著迷有時(shí)也就使人盲目。有幾個(gè)巨型大壩項(xiàng)目就有弊大于利的危險(xiǎn)。
  建造大壩的教訓(xùn)是:大的未必總是美的。但這個(gè)教訓(xùn)也無(wú)法阻止修建高大雄偉的大壩已成為那些力爭(zhēng)得到自我肯定的國(guó)家和人民的偉大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大壩而鞏固了在阿拉伯世界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。土耳其在力圖躋身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大壩。
  但大壩不會(huì)像預(yù)期的那樣產(chǎn)生效果。以阿斯旺大壩為例,它阻止了尼羅河洪水泛濫,但也使埃及失去了洪水沖擊過(guò)后留下的肥沃土壤,換回來(lái)的是這么一個(gè)疾病滋生的水庫(kù)。現(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫(kù)積滿了淤泥,幾乎不能發(fā)電了。
  不過(guò),控制水的神話還在繼續(xù)。本周,在文明的歐洲腹地,斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就為了多瑙河上的一處水壩引起爭(zhēng)端,差點(diǎn)動(dòng)用了軍隊(duì)。這個(gè)大型工程可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)大壩上所有的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題。但斯洛伐克正在要求脫離捷克而獨(dú)立,現(xiàn)在他們需要建一個(gè)大壩來(lái)證明自己的實(shí)力。
  與此同時(shí),世界銀行已經(jīng)貸款給印度來(lái)建造問(wèn)題很多的納爾馬達(dá)大壩。盡管世界銀行的顧問(wèn)說(shuō),該大壩將給平民帶來(lái)苦難,而且也會(huì)破壞那里的環(huán)境,但世界銀行已經(jīng)這樣做了。大壩會(huì)給有權(quán)有勢(shì)者帶來(lái)利益,但這種利益卻沒(méi)有保障。
  對(duì)于水壩的影響作用、水壩控制水流的成本和收益進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)而科學(xué)的研究能夠有助于解決這些沖突。水利發(fā)電,治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水壩也是可能的,不一定非要建大壩。但當(dāng)你相信神話時(shí)就很難做到合理或科學(xué)。現(xiàn)在是世界吸取阿斯旺大壩教訓(xùn)的時(shí)候了。我們未必要通過(guò)大壩來(lái)拯救自己(dekuan68注:此句應(yīng)譯為“我們不需要建一座將被拯救的大壩”)。