“世界上最遙遠(yuǎn)的距離,莫過(guò)于你站在天安門(mén)前,卻看不見(jiàn)毛主席……” 最近連續(xù)多日的霧霾天氣引發(fā)了網(wǎng)友這樣的神造句,但是在調(diào)侃的同時(shí)還是要感嘆:空氣那是分分鐘都要呼吸的啊,天天都重度污染叫人如何是好?!

熱門(mén)事件學(xué)英語(yǔ):空氣污染學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)題>>>

這兩天大家一定都很關(guān)注空氣質(zhì)量情況的播報(bào),也許你會(huì)好奇空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)到底是根據(jù)哪些污染物算出來(lái)的?各種等級(jí)的污染對(duì)我們有哪些危害?下面就來(lái)為大家科普下這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)吧:

【關(guān)于空氣質(zhì)量的術(shù)語(yǔ)】

環(huán)境空氣 ambient air
指人群、植物、動(dòng)物和建筑物所暴露的室外空氣

空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù) air quality index (AQI)
定量描述空氣質(zhì)量狀況的無(wú)量綱指數(shù)。

空氣質(zhì)量分指數(shù) individual air quality index (IAQI)
單項(xiàng)污染物的空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)。

首要污染物 primary pollutant
AQI大于50時(shí)IAQI最大的空氣污染物。

超標(biāo)污染物 non-attainment pollutant
濃度超過(guò)國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的污染物,即IAQI大于100的污染物。

總懸浮顆粒物 total suspended particle (TSP)
指環(huán)境空氣中空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑小于等于100μm的顆粒物。

顆粒物(粒徑小于等于10μm)particulate matter (PM10)
指環(huán)境空氣中空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑小于等于10μm的顆粒物,也稱(chēng)可吸入顆粒物。

顆粒物(粒徑小于等于2.5μm)particulate matter (PM2.5)
指環(huán)境空氣中空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑小于等于2.5μm的顆粒物,也稱(chēng)細(xì)顆粒物。

* 此前我們國(guó)家采用的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是API (Air Pollution Index),也就是空氣污染指數(shù);但在2012年2月后進(jìn)行了修訂,改為AQI,最重要的一個(gè)變化就是加入了PM2.5的監(jiān)測(cè)。

【AQI基于哪些空氣污染物】

The AQI level is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants:

① 二氧化硫:sulfur dioxide (SO2)
② 二氧化氮:nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
③ PM10:suspended particulates smaller than 10μm in aerodynamic diameter
④ 一氧化碳:carbon monoxide (CO)
⑤ 臭氧:ozone (O3)
⑥ PM2.5:suspended particulates smaller than 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter

【空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)及對(duì)健康的危害】

空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù) (AQI) 空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)類(lèi)別 (Air Pollution Level) 表示顏色 (Colors) 對(duì)健康影響情況 (Health Implications) 建議采取的措施 (Health Messages) 英文綜述
0-50 優(yōu) (Good) 綠色 (Green) 空氣質(zhì)量令人滿(mǎn)意,基本無(wú)空氣污染 各類(lèi)人群可正?;顒?dòng) No health implications. Enjoy your usual outdoor activities.
51-100 良 (Moderate) 黃色 (Yellow) 空氣質(zhì)量可接受,但某些污染物可能對(duì)極少數(shù)異常敏感人群健康有較弱影響 極少數(shù)異常敏感人群應(yīng)減少戶(hù)外活動(dòng) Members of sensitive groups should reduce outdoor activities.
101-150 輕度污染 (Lightly Polluted) 橙色 (Orange) 易感人群癥狀有輕度加劇,健康人群出現(xiàn)刺激癥狀 兒童、老年人及心臟病、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病患者應(yīng)減少長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、高強(qiáng)度的戶(hù)外鍛煉 Slight irritations may occur. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should reduce strenuous outdoor activities.
151-200 中度污染 (Moderately Polluted) 紅色 (Red) 進(jìn)一步加劇易感人群癥狀,可能對(duì)健康人群心臟、呼吸系統(tǒng)有影響 兒童、老年人及心臟病、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病患者避免長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、高強(qiáng)度的戶(hù)外鍛練,一般人群適量減少戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng) Slight irritations may occur. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should restrict strenuous outdoor activities.
201-300 重度污染 (Heavily Polluted) 紫色 (Purple) 心臟病和肺病患者癥狀顯著加劇,運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受力降低,健康人群普遍出現(xiàn)癥狀 兒童、老年人和心臟病、肺病患者應(yīng)停留在室內(nèi),停止戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng),一般人群減少戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng) Healthy people will be noticeably affected. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should remain indoors. Healthy individuals should reduce outdoor activities.
>300 嚴(yán)重污染 (Severely Polluted) 褐紅色 (Maroon) 健康人群運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受力降低,有明顯強(qiáng)烈癥狀,提前出現(xiàn)某些疾病 兒童、老年人和病人應(yīng)當(dāng)留在室內(nèi),避免體力消耗,一般人群應(yīng)避免戶(hù)外活動(dòng) Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There may be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses. Children, elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals should avoid outdoor activities.