在復(fù)合句中，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的成分是一個(gè)句子，這個(gè)句子代替了原來(lái)用一個(gè)詞表示的賓語(yǔ)，稱(chēng)之為賓語(yǔ)從句。置于動(dòng)詞、介詞等詞性后面，在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。在英文學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，這部分語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容要好好來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。

具體結(jié)構(gòu)為：主句+引導(dǎo)詞+賓語(yǔ)從句(賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序)

比如：

簡(jiǎn)單句：We(主語(yǔ)) knew(謂語(yǔ)) that(賓語(yǔ)).

復(fù)合句(賓語(yǔ)從句)：We knew that we should go home.

賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類(lèi)：動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句，介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語(yǔ)從句，有些形容詞(afraid，sure，glad等)之后也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。

賓語(yǔ)從句過(guò)"三關(guān)"：語(yǔ)序，引導(dǎo)詞，時(shí)態(tài)。

動(dòng)詞、介詞、形容詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句

1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)從句

We knew that we should go home.

這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞一般是及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)，即后面能直接加賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，比如：give, tell 等。

但像"arrive"就不能直接加賓語(yǔ)，如果要加賓語(yǔ)，后面需要加介詞。

2)介詞+賓語(yǔ)從句

They are talking about whether it will rain tomorrow.

常見(jiàn)介詞：in, at, on 等等。

3)形容詞+賓語(yǔ)從句

I am sure that he can come on time.

后面可以直接加賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有：

pleased, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, certain, sorry等。

語(yǔ)序

無(wú)論主句是陳述句還是疑問(wèn)句，賓語(yǔ)從句都必須使用陳述語(yǔ)序，即“主句+連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞)+賓語(yǔ)從句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+……)”句式。

根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的不同成分，可分為以下四種：

1)連接詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: who, what, which等。

Could you tell me who knows the answer，please?

你能告訴我誰(shuí)知道答案嗎?

The small children don't know what is in their stockings.

這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西。

2)連接詞+名詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: whose, what, which, how many, how much等。

He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.

他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書(shū)法最好。

The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.

老師問(wèn)我們房間里有多少人。

3)連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: who(m), what, which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if/whether(在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分)等。

He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.

他還沒(méi)決定是否去無(wú)錫旅行。

Could you tell me what I should do with the money?

你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢(qián)嗎?

4)連接詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: what, which, how many, how much, how等。

Do you know which class he is in?

你知道他在哪個(gè)班嗎?

She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.

她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。

引導(dǎo)詞

1)that

當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)，that無(wú)詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略。

I expect (that) the plane would be diverted.

2)if/whether

當(dāng)由一般疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用if或whether引導(dǎo)，意為“是否”，不充當(dāng)句子成分，但不能省略。

I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.

3)特殊疑問(wèn)詞

如果賓語(yǔ)從句原來(lái)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，只需用原來(lái)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)

疑問(wèn)代詞：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever...

有詞義，充當(dāng)句子成分(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ);一般充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，whose 充當(dāng)定語(yǔ))

We'll do whatever we can to save him.

疑問(wèn)副詞：where(地點(diǎn)), when(時(shí)間), how(方式), why(原因)...

有詞義，充當(dāng)句子成分(狀語(yǔ))

He knows where they live.

Tell us how you are getting on now.

以上三類(lèi)總結(jié)起來(lái)就是：

that: 不充當(dāng)成分，無(wú)意義，可以省略;

If/whether: 不充當(dāng)成分，有意義，不可省略;

疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞: 充當(dāng)成分，有意義，不可省略。

記憶口訣：

陳述句用that，

一般疑問(wèn)句if或whether，

特殊問(wèn)句用疑問(wèn)詞。

九種賓語(yǔ)從句不省略that

1)放句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)

That he is a good person, we all know.

2)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)

Just then I noticed, for the first time, that he prepared to talk to us.

3)有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

Lucy told me that she would not come to school tomorrow.

4)當(dāng) it 作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.

5)介詞besides、beyond、but、except、in、save 后的賓語(yǔ)從句

The man stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.

6)主句中的動(dòng)詞后有 2 個(gè)或以上的賓語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)及以后的 that 不可省

I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that(不可省略) they will come to the party.

7)賓語(yǔ)從句本身是一個(gè)復(fù)合句

He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting.

8)當(dāng) that 從句單獨(dú)用來(lái)回答問(wèn)題時(shí)

-What did he say at the meeting?

-That the situation was serious.

9)在較為正式或不常用的動(dòng)詞后，如reply, object

He replied that he badly mastered the language.

☆注：以上9種情況考察頻率依次遞減

if和whether的區(qū)別

if和whether都可譯為"是否"，在從句中不作句子成分，二者引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)通常可以互相替換，口語(yǔ)中多用if代替whether。

1)只能用whether，不能用if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中，緊接or not 時(shí)，只用whether ,否則都可。

Let me know whether/if you can come or not.

②當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句提到句首時(shí)，只能用whether ,不能用if。

Whether it is true, I can't tell.

③whether 可以引導(dǎo)帶to 的不定式，而if不行。

I don't know whether to accept.

④whether 可以放在介詞后，做介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而if不可以。

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

⑤若if有歧義，只能用whether。

Please let me know whether you want to go.

( 如果換成 if ，則可能被誤解為“如果想來(lái)，請(qǐng)告訴我“)

⑥動(dòng)詞discuss, decide, consider, sure等后習(xí)慣上也常用Whether引導(dǎo)從句，不用if。

Time for her to decide whether she wants to continue the journey.

⑦引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)宜用whether。

Whether she will come or not is still a question.

她是否能來(lái)還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。

The question is whether we can catch the bus.

問(wèn)題是我們能否趕上公共汽車(chē)。

2)只能用if，不能用whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

①if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如果”

The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.

②if引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)

He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday.

③引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句even if(即使)和as if(好像)時(shí)

He talks as if he has known all about it.

總結(jié)：

只能用whether，不能用if

①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)任意選擇出現(xiàn)or或緊接or not 時(shí)，只用whether，不用if;

②當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句提到句首時(shí)，只能用whether，不能用if;

③whether 可以引導(dǎo)帶to 的不定式，而if不行;

④whether 可以放在介詞后，做介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而if不可以;

⑤若if有歧義，只能用whether。

⑥動(dòng)詞discuss, decide, consider, sure等后習(xí)慣上也常用Whether引導(dǎo)從句，不用if。

⑦引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)宜用whether。

只能用if，不能用whether

①if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如果”;

②if引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí);

③引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句even if(即使)和as if(好像)時(shí)。

時(shí)態(tài)

1)主現(xiàn)從不限。(主句是某種現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，從句沒(méi)有限制)

賓語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，從句的時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)定，不受主句限制。

I know she lives here.

I know she lived here ten years ago.

2)主過(guò)從必過(guò)。(客觀真理除外)

賓語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)等)，那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定也是用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)等)。

She told me that she was 15 last year.

3)客觀真理永一現(xiàn)。

如果賓語(yǔ)從句講述的是某種客觀真理，這個(gè)時(shí)候，需要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

She told her daughter that the earth is round.

否定轉(zhuǎn)移

1)什么叫賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移?

就是賓語(yǔ)從句表示否定時(shí)，將否定詞 not 轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中

舉例：“我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)” 該怎么說(shuō)呢?

你可能會(huì)說(shuō)：- I think he will not come.

但更地道的表述是：- I don't think he will come.

就是那種我不否定你，我只否定我自己的感覺(jué)。

2)什么時(shí)候進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移呢?

進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移通常要滿(mǎn)足三個(gè)條件：

①主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng) I 和 we

②主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示“認(rèn)為”、“相信”、“期望” 等主觀想法的詞

常見(jiàn)：think、believe、suppose、expect、imagine、feel

③主句時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

I don't believe that they can accomplish the task in such a short time.

We don't imagine that they will join the competition.

賓語(yǔ)從句后置

1)什么是賓語(yǔ)從句后置?

就是用一個(gè)“it”來(lái)代替整個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，然后將賓語(yǔ)從句的位置移到句末。

2)什么情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ)從句后置?

①“喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)”

appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer...

We would appreciate it if you could set up our payment arrangement.

如果你能安排付款，我們會(huì)非常感激。

②“認(rèn)為、發(fā)現(xiàn)”

think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose...

He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.

他還沒(méi)宣布他何時(shí)結(jié)婚。

I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.

我認(rèn)為考試作弊是錯(cuò)誤的。

③介詞后

answer for, depend on, rely on, insist on, look to, see to, stick to...

You can depend on it that he will finish the job on time.

你可以相信他會(huì)按時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作。

簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句常用六法

常會(huì)遇到把含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單句，使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。下面就介紹幾種常用的簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句的方法：

1)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。

Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.

2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等動(dòng)詞，且主句主語(yǔ)與從句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

注：當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是tell, ask, show, teach等動(dòng)詞，且后帶雙賓語(yǔ)，從句主語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→Could you tell me how to get to the station?

3)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是order(命令)，require(需要)等時(shí)，如果主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不一致，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

4)某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，可以用介詞加動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))等其他形式簡(jiǎn)化。

He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.

The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

5)某些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語(yǔ)+V-ing形式(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

6)動(dòng)詞seem后的賓語(yǔ)從句，也可以用不定式(短語(yǔ))來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化，但句型需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?/p>

It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

除上述方法外，還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。

I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy.

賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分

eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.

2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.

句1中if引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句表示“條件”，修飾主句。整個(gè)句子的意思是：如果明天天氣好，我就出去。句2中if引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞don't know的賓語(yǔ)。整個(gè)句子的意思是：我不知道火車(chē)是否到達(dá)。

判斷方法：

1)可以從整個(gè)句式看。狀語(yǔ)從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(個(gè)別除外)，賓語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。

2)從引導(dǎo)詞看。if充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于whether， 詞義為“是否”，充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，詞義為“如果”。when充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，意為“什么時(shí)候”，充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。

2)從時(shí)態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句要注意：從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。if和when充當(dāng)從屬連詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時(shí)候回來(lái)嗎?

—Sorry, I don't know.When he comes back，I'll tell you.對(duì)不起，不知道。當(dāng)他回來(lái)了，我將告訴你。

—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。

—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨，他會(huì)來(lái)的。

其他需要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題

1)標(biāo)點(diǎn)由主句決定，如主句是陳述句、祈使句，則用句號(hào);是疑問(wèn)句則用問(wèn)號(hào)。

I heard she had been to the Great Wall.

Can you tell me which bus I should take?

2)要注意個(gè)別句子中主從句人稱(chēng)的一致。

3)賓語(yǔ)從句的附加疑問(wèn)句。

賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句在變成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 think, guess, believe, suppose 等且主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，附加部分要由從句決定;如果主句不是 think 等上述動(dòng)詞或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是這些詞且主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，附加部分由主句決定。

I think that he is right, isn't he?

I don't believe he is a student, is he?

He supposes that she will come tonight, doesn't he?

He never said he was a good student, did he?

這部分賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容大家都了解清楚了嗎?如果覺(jué)得自己在英文學(xué)習(xí)方面還有哪些欠缺的話(huà)，可以來(lái)網(wǎng)校一起學(xué)習(xí)。如果您對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)感興趣，想要深入學(xué)習(xí)，可以了解滬江網(wǎng)校精品課程，量身定制高效實(shí)用的個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)方案，專(zhuān)屬督導(dǎo)全程伴學(xué)，掃一掃領(lǐng)200暢學(xué)卡。