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                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 4事物的測定(4)

                      牛頓登場了,正如我們給他起的中文名字那樣牛老的確是牛人,比如,他提出的微積分理論至今仍影響我們的科學(xué);另一方面,他也很牛,就是和耕牛一樣低調(diào),有了成果也默默無聞~~~ ?《萬物簡史》推出部落節(jié)目版,戳這里訂閱: 書本的朗讀語音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~?。?因為原著為美國人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請邊聽寫邊理解文意,根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號,這樣有助于提高正確率。 Hints: calculus Newton was a [-1-]odd figure—brilliant beyond measure, but solitary, joyless, prickly to the point of paranoia, famously [-2-](upon swinging his feet out of bed in the morning he would reportedly sometimes sit for hours, immobilized by the sudden rush of thoughts to his head), and capable of the most riveting strangeness. He built his own laboratory, the first at Cambridge, but then engaged in the most [-3-]experiments. Once he inserted a bodkin—a long needle of the sort used for sewing leather—into his eye socket and rubbed it around “betwixt my eye and the bone as near to [the] backside of my eye as I could” just to see what would happen. What happened, miraculously, was nothing—at least nothing lasting. [---4---] Again he escaped lasting damage, though he had to spend some days in a darkened room before his eyes forgave him. Set atop these odd beliefs and quirky traits, however, was the mind of a supreme genius—though even when working in conventional channels he often showed a tendency to peculiarity. [---5---] [-6-], he did work in optics that [-7-]our understanding of light and laid the foundation for the science of spectroscopy, and again chose not to share the results for three decades. decidedly distracted bizarre On another occasion, he stared at the Sun for as long as he could bear, to determine what effect it would have upon his vision. As a student, frustrated by the limitations of conventional mathematics, he invented an entirely new form, the calculus, but then told no one about it for 27 years. In like manner transformed 牛頓絕對是個怪人--他聰明過人,而又離群索居,沉悶無趣,敏感多疑,注意力很不集中(據(jù)說,早晨他把腳伸出被窩以后,有時候突然之間思潮洶涌,會一動不動地坐上幾個小時),干得出非常有趣的怪事。他建立了自己的實驗室,也是劍橋大學(xué)的第一個實驗室,但接著就從事異乎尋常的實驗。有一次,他把一根大針眼縫針--一種用來縫皮革的長針--插進(jìn)眼窩,然后在"眼睛和盡可能接近眼睛后部的骨頭之間"揉來揉去,目的只是為了看看會有什么事發(fā)生。結(jié)果,說來也奇怪,什么事兒也沒有--至少沒有產(chǎn)生持久的后果。另一次,他瞪大眼睛望著太陽,能望多久就望多久,以便發(fā)現(xiàn)對他的視力有什么影響。他又一次沒有受到嚴(yán)重的傷害,雖然他不得不在暗室里待了幾天,等著眼睛恢復(fù)過來。 與他的非凡天才相比,這些奇異的信念和古怪的特點(diǎn)算不了什么--即使在以常規(guī)方法工作的時候,他也往往顯得很特別。在學(xué)生時代,他覺得普通數(shù)學(xué)局限性很大,十分失望,便發(fā)明了一種嶄新的形式--微積分,但有27年時間對誰也沒有說起過這件事。他以同樣的方式在光學(xué)領(lǐng)域工作,改變了我們對光的理解,為光譜學(xué)奠定了基礎(chǔ),但還是過了30年才把成果與別人分享。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 4事物的測定(7)

                      活在贊揚(yáng)聲和榮譽(yù)堆里,尤其成了英國因科學(xué)成就而被封為爵士的第一人。連偉大的德國數(shù)學(xué)家戈特弗里德?萊布尼茲也認(rèn)為,他對數(shù)學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)比得上在他之前的所有成就的總和,盡管在誰先發(fā)明微積分的問題上,牛頓曾跟他進(jìn)行過長期而又激烈的斗爭。"沒有任何凡人比牛頓本人更接近神。"哈雷深有感觸地寫道。他的同時代人以及此后的許多別人對此一直懷有同感。 《原理》一直被稱為"最難看懂的書之一"(牛頓故意把書寫得很難,那樣就不會被他所謂的數(shù)學(xué)"門外漢"糾纏不休),但對看得懂的人來說,它是一盞明燈。它不僅從數(shù)學(xué)的角度解釋了天體的軌道,而且指萬有引力~~~ ?《萬物簡史出了使天體運(yùn)行的引力--萬有引力。突然之間,宇宙里的每種運(yùn)動都說得通了。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 6勢不兩立的科學(xué)(8)

                      記下內(nèi)容,然后自己回頭組織語句,最后校對,不要逐字逐句聽寫) Hints: the Connecticut River Valley New England Plinus Moody South Hadley ledge Massachusetts shrub So by the early years of the 19th century, fossils had taken on a certain [-1-] importance, which makes Wistar's failure to see the significance of his dinosaur bone [-2-] . Suddenly, in any case, bones were turning up all over. Several other opportunities [-3-] Americans to claim the discovery of dinosaurs but all were wasted. In 1806 the Lewis and Clark expedition passed through the Hell Creek formation in Montana, an area where fossil hunters would later [-4-] trip over dinosaur bones, and even examined what was clearly a dinosaur bone embedded in rock, but failed to make anything of it. [---5---] Some of these at least survive—notably the bones of an Anchisaurus, which are in the collection of the Peabody Museum at Yale. [---6---] In that same year, 1818, Caspar Wistar died, but he did gain a certain unexpected [-7-] when a botanist named Thomas Nuttall [-8-]. Some botanical purists still insist on spelling it wisteria. inescapable all the more unfortunate arose for literally Other bones and fossilized footprints were found in the Connecticut River Valley of New England after a farm boy named Plinus Moody spied ancient tracks on a rock ledge at South Hadley, Massachusetts. Found in 1818, they were the first dinosaur bones to be examined and saved, but unfortunately weren't recognized for what they were until 1855. immortality named a delightful climbing shrub after him 因此,到19世紀(jì)初,化石勢必具有了某種重要性。威斯塔就顯得更

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 5敲石頭的人們(7)

                      住了他們的注意力--這是任何科學(xué)以前沒有過,或許將來也不會有的情況。1839年,羅德里克?默奇森出版了《志留紀(jì)體系》,一本又厚又重的書,研究一種名叫雜砂巖的巖石。它頓時成為一本暢銷書,很快出了4版,雖然一冊要

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 4事物的測定(24)

                      只是其中的一部分。據(jù)科學(xué)史家J.G.克勞瑟說,他還預(yù)見了"開爾文和G.H.達(dá)爾文關(guān)于潮汐摩擦對減慢地球自轉(zhuǎn)速度的作用的成果、拉摩爾關(guān)于局部大氣變冷的作用的發(fā)現(xiàn)(發(fā)表于1915年)......皮克林關(guān)于冷凍混合物的成就以及羅斯布姆關(guān)于異質(zhì)平衡的某些成果"。最后,他還留下線索,直接導(dǎo)致一組名叫惰性氣體的元素的發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中有幾種是極難獲得的,最后一種直到1962年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。不過,我們現(xiàn)在的興趣是卡文迪許所做的最后一次著名的試驗。1797年夏末,67歲高齡的他把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向約翰?米歇爾顯然只是出于科萬物學(xué)上的敬意留給他的幾箱子設(shè)備。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 5敲石頭的人們(8)

                      國慶放假,內(nèi)容很少,大家堅持做完今天的就歇著吧~~~ ?《萬物簡史》推出部落節(jié)目版,戳這里訂閱: 書本的朗讀語音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~?。?因為原著為美國人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請邊聽寫邊理解文意,根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號,這樣有助于提高正確率。 Throughout the modern, thinking world, but especially in Britain, men

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 4事物的測定(6)

                      指望從牛頓那里得到什么幫助,我們只能猜測。但是,多虧一位牛頓的密友--亞伯拉罕?棣莫佛后來寫的一篇敘述,我們才有了一篇有關(guān)科學(xué)界一次最有歷史意義的會見的記錄: 1684年,哈雷博士來劍橋拜訪。他們在一起待了一會兒以后,博士問他,要是太陽的引力與行星離太陽距離的平方成反比,他認(rèn)為行星運(yùn)行的曲線會是什么樣的。 這里提到的是一個數(shù)學(xué)問題,名叫平方反比律。哈雷堅信,這是解釋問題的關(guān)鍵,雖然他對其中的奧妙沒有把握。 艾薩克?牛頓馬上回答說,會是一個橢圓。博士又高興又驚訝,問他是怎么知道的。"哎呀,"他說,"我已經(jīng)計算過。"接著,哈雷博士馬上要他的計算材料。艾薩克爵士在材料堆里翻了一會兒,但是找不著。 這是很令人吃驚的--猶如有人說他已經(jīng)找到了治愈癌癥的方法,但又記不清處方放在哪里了。在哈雷的敦促之下,牛頓答應(yīng)再算一遍,便拿出了一張紙。他按諾言做了,但做得要多得多。有兩年時間,他閉門不出,精心思 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 6勢不兩立的科學(xué)(1)

                      面的TIPS訓(xùn)練聽寫。這樣可以提高聽力準(zhǔn)確度,并為訓(xùn)練聽譯打下基礎(chǔ)哦~~~ TIPS聽寫訓(xùn)練點(diǎn):單詞拼寫,時態(tài),單復(fù)數(shù),連讀,長難句(請邊聽邊用符號先記下內(nèi)容,然后自己回頭組織語句,最后校對,不要逐字逐句聽寫) Hints: Wistar cautious uninspired whopper 6 SCIENCE RED IN TOOTH AND CLAW IN 1787, SOMEONE in New Jersey—[-1-]—found an [-2-] thighbone sticking out of a stream bank at a place called Woodbury Creek. The bone clearly didn't belong to any species of creature still alive, certainly not in New Jersey. [-3-] , it is thought to have belonged to a hadrosaur, a large duck-billed dinosaur. At the time, dinosaurs were unknown. The bone was sent to Dr. Caspar Wistar, the nation's [-4-] anatomist, who described it at a meeting of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia that autumn. [---5---] He thus missed the chance, [-6-], to be the discoverer of dinosaurs. Indeed, the bone [-7-] so little interest that it was put in a storeroom and eventually disappeared [-8-] . So the first dinosaur bone ever found was also the first to be lost. exactly who now seems to be forgotten enormous From what little is known now leading Unfortunately, Wistar failed completely to recognize the bone's significance and merely made a few cautious and uninspired remarks to the effect that it was indeed a whopper. half a century ahead of anyone else excited altogether 第六章 勢不兩立的科學(xué) 1787年,新澤西州有個人--到底是誰,如今似乎已被忘卻--在伍德伯里溪發(fā)現(xiàn)一根巨大的大腿骨戳出一處岸邊。那根骨頭顯然不屬于尚存的任何物種,也肯定不是新澤西州的。根據(jù)現(xiàn)在掌握的一點(diǎn)情況,人們認(rèn)為它屬于一只鴨嘴龍,那是一種長著鴨嘴的大恐龍。當(dāng)時,人們還沒有聽說過恐龍。   骨頭被送交給當(dāng)時美國最杰出的解剖學(xué)家卡斯帕?威斯塔博士。同年秋天,他在費(fèi)城召開的美國哲學(xué)學(xué)會的一次會議上作了描述。威斯塔沒有完全認(rèn)識到這根骨頭的重要意義,只是小心翼翼地講了幾句不痛不癢的話,大意是,它真是個龐然大物。他就這樣錯過了先于別人半個世紀(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)恐龍的機(jī)會。實際上,這根骨頭沒有引起多大興趣,后來被放在貯藏室里,最后徹底不見了。因此,歷史上第一根被發(fā)現(xiàn)的恐龍骨頭,也是第一根被丟失的恐龍骨頭。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>

                    • 萬物簡史:PART II CH 7基本物質(zhì)(8)

                      上了西天。恐怖統(tǒng)治很快結(jié)束了。   他去世100年以后,一座拉瓦錫的雕像在巴黎落成,受到很多人的瞻仰,直到有人指出它看上去根本不像他。在盤問之下,雕刻師承認(rèn),他用了數(shù)學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家孔多塞的頭像--他顯然備了一個--希望誰也不會注意到,或者即使注意到也不會在乎。他的后一種想法是正確的。拉瓦錫兼孔多塞的雕像被準(zhǔn)許留在原地,又留了半個世紀(jì),直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。一天早晨,有人把它取走,當(dāng)做廢鐵熔化了。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語水平>>