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并列連詞 It began to rain，so we had to stay here. 開始下雨了，我們不得不呆在這兒了。 ：所以，因此，于是 My teacher asked me to go， so I went. 我們老師讓我去，因此我就去了。 比較 so除了作連詞外，也可以作副詞。 I hope you can pass the exam. 我希詞望你能通過考試。 I hope so.我也希望。 Don't walk so fast.別走得太快。

并列連詞 neither…nor：既不……也不…… a.當(dāng)此詞組擔(dān)任主語時，謂語動詞的用法和either…or的用法一樣，由nor后面的詞而定。 Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不對。 b.此句型本身是全否定，因此不能再用否定式，即不能再加not。 （×）Neither You nor I am not right. 比較 both …and ,either…or ,neither …nor 這三個句型的相互關(guān)系如下： 1．肯定句：I like both A and? B．我喜歡A和B。 I like both coffee and tea. 我喜歡咖啡和茶

英語介詞from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向；by：表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近，eg.?This is the nearest road by which they came等。 　　(1)from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。 　　He came from London. 　　He went to London. 　　二詞常搭配使用“from... to...” 　　We studied English from morning to afternoon. 　　He'll start from Beijing to Shanghai. 　　經(jīng)典用法： 　　● 由于→ The girl is trembling from fear. 　　● 免除→ Tramps are always free from care. 流浪漢們總是無憂無慮。 　　● 分開→ The couple parted from each other at the airport. 　　● 由……制成→ The red wine is made from grapes. 紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。 　　由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法： 　　from far 從遠處 　　from now / then on 從現(xiàn)在/那時起 　　from bad to worse 每況愈下 　　from time to time(occasionally 時而) 　　習(xí)語： 　　She comes to visit me from time to time. 　　(2)out of：表示與"into"相反的語意。 　　He will be out of town. 　　I stepped out of the dark room. 　　out of+ 名詞 (= lack, to be without 用完，用光) 　　He went to the shop because he was out of paper. 　　out of date (= old-fashioned 過時的) 　　The book has been out of date. 　　out of work (= jobless 失業(yè)的) 　　He needs money because be is out of work. 　　out of the question (= impossible 不可能的) 　　Finishing the hard work is out of the question. 　　out of question (= doubtless 毫無疑問的) 　　That he can do it well is out of question. 　　out of order(= not functioning 失靈的) 　　Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it. 　　(3)by：表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近。 　　He passed by me without saying hello. 　　He lives by the sea. 　　經(jīng)典用法： 　　● 通過→This is the nearest road by which they came. 　　● 在……時候→The young man works by day and steals money by night. 　　● 由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife. 　　● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood. 　　● 按……計算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound. 　　● 就(氣質(zhì)，特征)而言→He is an artist by temperament(氣質(zhì)). 　　用于被動語意，導(dǎo)出動作執(zhí)行者： 　　The glass was broken by the boy. 　　by + 具體時間： 　　They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock. 　　by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)： 　　He travelled to Paris by air/plane. 　　by the end of + 時間名詞：到……末為止 　　By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts. 　　By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts. 　　by then：到那時 　　He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing. 　　by way of (= via)：經(jīng)由，取道 　　They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong. 　　by the way：順便問 　　By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone? 　　by far：……得多(用于修飾比較級和*高級) 　　The book is by far the best on the subject. 　　by accident：不小心，與on purpose(故意地)語意相反 　　The wrong information was put into the computer by accident. 擴展知識： 表示詞與詞、詞與句關(guān)系的詞。 常用介詞：on、at、in、above、by、with等； 合成類介詞：inside、outside、onto、out of、within 等； 短語類介詞：according to、ahead of、along with等。 含義 介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞,?詞與句之間的關(guān)系的詞。在句中不能單獨作句字成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組，在句中作狀語，表語，補語或介詞賓語。 分類 1.常用簡單介詞： 　　about, across, against, among, after, at, behind, besides, beyond, by, concerning, beneath, between, despite, except, during, down, for, from, past, than, under, until 等。 2.合成介詞： 　　inside, outside, onto, out of, within 等。 3.短語介詞： 　　according to, ahead of, along with, as for, because of, be means of, due to, in spite of, on behalf of, owing to, with regard to 等。 介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系 在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會立刻想到’s 所有格或者of。實際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達。 　　● 美國的冬天→ the winter in America 　　● 停車場的入口→ the entrance to the parking lot 　　● 穿過森林的小路→ the path through the forest 　　● 魯迅的著作→ the works by Lu Xun 　　● 水中的月亮→ the moon reflected in water 　　● 歷史的見證→ the witness to history 　　● 對愛的渴望→ a longing for love 　　● 對我們不利的證據(jù)→ the evidence against us 　　● 陽光下的漫步→ a walk in the sunlight 　　● 追求名譽的女人→ a lady after fame 　　● 兩人之間的爭論→ an argument between the two persons

快點，你就會誤了這班車。 Study hard，or you'll fail in the exam. 好好學(xué)吧，否則你考試就會不及格。 =If you don't study hard，you'll fail in the exam. 如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí)，你考試就會不及格。 注意 or疑問句的讀法or前面的部詞分用升調(diào)，后面的部分用降調(diào)。

并列連詞 because：因為，連接原因狀語從句 She didn't go there，because she was ill. 因為她病了，所以她沒去那兒。 1.回答Why問句時，只能用because，不詞能用for或 as. Why are you late？ 你為什么遲到？ Because I met a traffic accident on my way here. 因為在我來這兒的路上，遇到了車禍。 2.漢語中，我們經(jīng)常說因為……所以，但在英文中有了because，就不能再用so。 （×）Because he was tired， so he couldn't walk there. 因為他累了，所以他不能走到那兒了。

介詞，被稱為方位介詞。如in（在…里），behind (在…后面)，down (向下)等。有些方位介詞

介詞的英語是prepositions of place，prepositions或 position preposition。英語中表示事物存在的方向和位置的介詞被稱為方位介詞。 preposition 英 [?pr?p??z???n] ?美 [?pr?p??z???n] n. 介詞

并列連詞 not only… but also：不但……而且 （1）Not only you but also your father is coming. 不但你，而且你父親也要來。 （2）Jane is? not only beautiful? but also kind. 珍妮不但漂亮，而且人非常好。 1.基本用法：《not only…but also》擔(dān)任主語時，此句型的謂語動詞隨 but also后面的部分而定，參見上文例（1）。 另外not only…but also連接對等的詞或詞組； 例（1）you（你）和 your? father（你父親）都是人。 例（2）beautiful（美的）和kind（親切、慈祥）都是形容詞。 2.該句型可以和“as well as”互換，但注意漢語翻譯。 Your father as well as you is coming. 不但你，而且你父親也詞要來。 注意 as well as的句子謂語動詞隨它前面的詞“Your father”而定，所以用is coming. Jane is kind as well as beautiful. 珍妮不但漂亮，而且為人很好。 ?

并列連詞 I want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai. 我想?yún)⒂^天津或者上海。 I like neither English nor Chinese. 中文和英文我全不喜歡。 …or：或……或……；不是……就是…… a.《either…or…》構(gòu)成的詞組作為主語時，謂語動詞隨其鄰近的詞，即or后面的詞而定。 Either you or he is right. 不是你，就是他是對的。 b.此句型的否定句是全否定。 Either you or he isn't right.你和他都不對。 I don't want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai.天津和上海我都不想?yún)⒂^。

兒時，天正在下雨。 I entered the room while（when） Li Ming was talking with her. 我進屋時，李明正在和她談話。 I didn't go to sleep until（till）I finished my homework. 直詞 when，while，till，until，since… When he arrives there he will call you. 他到達那兒以后，他會給你打電話。 when， while， till， until， since， after， before， as soon as等是連接時間狀語從句的連詞到我做完作業(yè)，我才上床睡覺。 We won't work until（till） our teacher teaches us how to do it. 老師教給我們?nèi)绾巫鲞@工作之后，我們才會開始做。 He came to China after the war was over. 比較 連詞連接從句不同，意思不同。 He had been in China before the war was over. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束前，他已經(jīng)在中國了。 =The war was over before he came to China. =The war had been over before he came to China. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，他來到中國。 I have learned more than two thousand English words since I began learning English two years ago. 自從兩年前我開始學(xué)習(xí)英語以來，我已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩千多個英語單詞了。 注意 since引導(dǎo)的是一個過去時的句子，說明自當(dāng)時以來到現(xiàn)在（自從兩年前以來），主句一般要用現(xiàn)在完成時。 As soon as I get enough money，I'll buy it. 我一得到足夠的錢，就買它。