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                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(9)

                      牛頓因?yàn)椤对怼芬粫隽嗣讌s遇到了麻煩。要不到該書的關(guān)鍵篇章還失去了工作報(bào)酬~~ ?《萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史》推出部落節(jié)目版,戳這里訂閱: 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~??! 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意,根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào),這樣有助于提高正確率。 Hints: frantic flattery erratic The Royal Society The History of Fishes Principia's production was not without drama. To Halley's horror, just as work was nearing completion Newton and Hooke fell into [-1-]over the priority for the inverse square law and Newton refused to release the crucial third [-2-], without which the first two made little sense. [---3---] Halley's traumas were not yet quite over. [---4---] The year before the society had backed a costly flop called The History of Fishes , and they now [-5-]that the market for a book on mathematical principles would be less than clamorous. Halley, whose means were not great, paid for the book's publication out of his own pocket. Newton, as was his custom, contributed nothing. [-6-], Halley at this time had just accepted a position as the society's clerk, and he was informed that the society could no longer afford to provide him with a promised salary of £50 per annum. [---7---] dispute volume Only with some frantic shuttle diplomacy and the most liberal applications of flattery did Halley manage finally to extract the concluding volume from the erratic professor. The Royal Society had promised to publish the work, but now pulled out, citing financial embarrassment. suspected To make matters worse He was to be paid instead in copies of The History of Fishes. 《原理》的產(chǎn)生不是不帶戲劇性的。令哈雷感到震驚的是,當(dāng)這項(xiàng)工作快要完成的時(shí)候,牛頓和胡克為誰(shuí)先發(fā)明了平方反比定律吵了起來(lái),牛頓拒絕公開關(guān)鍵的第三卷,而沒有這一卷,前面兩卷就意義不大。只是在進(jìn)行了緊張的穿梭外交,說(shuō)了許多好話以后,哈雷才最后設(shè)法從那位脾氣怪僻的教授那里索得了最后一卷。   哈雷的煩惱并沒有完全結(jié)束。英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)本來(lái)答應(yīng)出版這部作品,但現(xiàn)在打了退堂鼓,說(shuō)是財(cái)政有困難。前一年,該學(xué)會(huì)曾經(jīng)為《魚類史》下了賭注,該書成本很高,結(jié)果賠了老本;他們擔(dān)心一本關(guān)于數(shù)學(xué)原理的書不會(huì)有多大銷路。哈雷盡管不很富裕,還是自己掏錢支付了這簡(jiǎn)史本書的出版費(fèi)用。和以往一樣,牛頓分文不出。更糟糕的是,哈雷這時(shí)候剛剛接受學(xué)會(huì)的書記員的職位,他被告知,學(xué)會(huì)已經(jīng)無(wú)力給他答應(yīng)過(guò)的50英鎊年薪,只能用幾本《魚類史》來(lái)支付。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 5敲石頭的人們(12)

                      就是人們常常把災(zāi)變論和水成論互相混淆的原因。災(zāi)變論尤其迎合巴克蘭這樣的教士的心理,這樣他們可以把《圣經(jīng)》里諾亞時(shí)代的洪水納入嚴(yán)肅的科學(xué)討論。均變論者恰恰相反,認(rèn)為地球上的變化是逐漸形成的,幾乎所

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 5敲石頭的人們(7)

                      住了他們的注意力--這是任何科學(xué)以前沒有過(guò),或許將來(lái)也不會(huì)有的情況。1839年,羅德里克?默奇森出版了《志留紀(jì)體系》,一本又厚又重的書,研究一種名叫雜砂巖的巖石。它頓時(shí)成為一本暢銷書,很快出了4版,雖然一冊(cè)要

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(15)

                      斯基林和梅森11年前已經(jīng)成為朋友,他們?cè)粔K兒承擔(dān)一個(gè)測(cè)量一起重大天文事件的項(xiàng)目:金星凌日現(xiàn)象。不知疲倦的埃德蒙?哈雷幾年前已經(jīng)建議,要是在地球上

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(13)

                      圖上幾乎沒有標(biāo)記,遠(yuǎn)離供給來(lái)源。但是,布格和孔達(dá)米納是堅(jiān)忍不拔的人。他們不屈不撓,不怕風(fēng)吹日曬,堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行任務(wù),度過(guò)了漫長(zhǎng)的九年半時(shí)間。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目快要完成的時(shí)候,他們突然得到消息,說(shuō)另一個(gè)法國(guó)考察隊(duì)在斯堪的納維亞半島北部進(jìn)行測(cè)量(面對(duì)自己的艱難困苦,從寸步難行的沼澤地,到危機(jī)四伏的浮冰),發(fā)現(xiàn)1度經(jīng)線在兩極附近果真要長(zhǎng),正如牛頓斷言的那樣。地球在赤道地區(qū)的測(cè)量結(jié)果,要比環(huán)繞兩極從上到下測(cè)量的結(jié)果厚出43公里。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(10)

                      發(fā)了爭(zhēng)議。   這意味著,地球不是滴溜滾圓的。根據(jù)牛頓的學(xué)說(shuō),地球自轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的離心力,造成兩極有點(diǎn)扁平,赤道有點(diǎn)鼓起。因此,這顆行星稍稍呈扁圓形。這意味著,1度經(jīng)線的長(zhǎng)度,在意大利和蘇格蘭是不相等的。說(shuō)得確切一點(diǎn),離兩極越遠(yuǎn),長(zhǎng)度越短。這對(duì)那些認(rèn)為地球是個(gè)滴溜滾圓的球體,并以此來(lái)測(cè)量這顆行星的人來(lái)說(shuō)不是個(gè)好消息。那些人就是大家。   在半個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間里,人們想要測(cè)算出地球的大小,大多使用很嚴(yán)格的測(cè)量方法。最先做這種嘗試的人當(dāng)中有一位英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家,名叫理查德?諾伍德。諾伍德在年輕時(shí)代曾帶著個(gè)按照哈雷的式樣制作的潛水鐘去過(guò)百慕大,想

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(24)

                      只是其中的一部分。據(jù)科學(xué)史家J.G.克勞瑟說(shuō),他還預(yù)見了"開爾文和G.H.達(dá)爾文關(guān)于潮汐摩擦對(duì)減慢地球自轉(zhuǎn)速度的作用的成果、拉摩爾關(guān)于局部大氣變冷的作用的發(fā)現(xiàn)(發(fā)表于1915年)......皮克林關(guān)于冷凍混合物的成就以及羅斯布姆關(guān)于異質(zhì)平衡的某些成果"。最后,他還留下線索,直接導(dǎo)致一組名叫惰性氣體的元素的發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中有幾種是極難獲得的,最后一種直到1962年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。不過(guò),我們現(xiàn)在的興趣是卡文迪許所做的最后一次著名的試驗(yàn)。1797年夏末,67歲高齡的他把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向約翰?米歇爾顯然只是出于科學(xué)上的敬意留給他的幾箱子設(shè)備。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

                    • 萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史:PART II CH 4事物的測(cè)定(4)

                      牛頓登場(chǎng)了,正如我們給他起的中文名字那樣牛老的確是牛人,比如,他提出的微積分理論至今仍影響我們的科學(xué);另一方面,他也很牛,就是和耕牛一樣低調(diào),有了成果也默默無(wú)聞~~~ ?《萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史》推出部落節(jié)目版,戳這里訂閱: 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~??! 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意,根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào),這樣有助于提高正確率。 Hints: calculus Newton was a [-1-]odd figure—brilliant beyond measure, but solitary, joyless, prickly to the point of paranoia, famously [-2-](upon swinging his feet out of bed in the morning he would reportedly sometimes sit for hours, immobilized by the sudden rush of thoughts to his head), and capable of the most riveting strangeness. He built his own laboratory, the first at Cambridge, but then engaged in the most [-3-]experiments. Once he inserted a bodkin—a long needle of the sort used for sewing leather—into his eye socket and rubbed it around “betwixt my eye and the bone as near to [the] backside of my eye as I could” just to see what would happen. What happened, miraculously, was nothing—at least nothing lasting. [---4---] Again he escaped lasting damage, though he had to spend some days in a darkened room before his eyes forgave him. Set atop these odd beliefs and quirky traits, however, was the mind of a supreme genius—though even when working in conventional channels he often showed a tendency to peculiarity. [---5---] [-6-], he did work in optics that [-7-]our understanding of light and laid the foundation for the science of spectroscopy, and again chose not to share the results for three decades. decidedly distracted bizarre On another occasion, he stared at the Sun for as long as he could bear, to determine what effect it would have upon his vision. As a student, frustrated by the limitations of conventional mathematics, he invented an entirely new form, the calculus, but then told no one about it for 27 years. In like manner transformed 牛頓絕對(duì)是個(gè)怪人--他聰明過(guò)人,而又離群索居,沉悶無(wú)趣,敏感多疑,注意力很不集中(據(jù)說(shuō),早晨他把腳伸出被窩以后,有時(shí)候突然之間思潮洶涌,會(huì)一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐上幾個(gè)小時(shí)),干得出非常有趣的怪事。他建立了自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室,也是劍橋大學(xué)的第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,但接著就從事異乎尋常的實(shí)驗(yàn)。有一次,他把一根大針眼縫針--一種用來(lái)縫皮革的長(zhǎng)針--插進(jìn)眼窩,然后在"眼睛和盡可能接近眼睛后部的骨頭之間"揉來(lái)揉去,目的只是為了看看會(huì)有什么事發(fā)生。結(jié)果,說(shuō)來(lái)也奇怪,什么事兒也沒有--至少?zèng)]有產(chǎn)生持久的后果。另一次,他瞪大眼睛望著太陽(yáng),能望多久就望多久,以便發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)他的視力有什么影響。他又一次沒有受到嚴(yán)重的傷害,雖然他不得不在暗室里待了幾天,等著眼睛恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)。 與他的非凡天才相比,這些奇異的信念和古怪的特點(diǎn)算不了什么--即使在以常規(guī)方法工作的時(shí)候,他也往往顯得很特別。在學(xué)生時(shí)代,他覺得普通數(shù)學(xué)局限性很大,十分失望,便發(fā)明了一種嶄新的形式--微積分,但有27年時(shí)間對(duì)誰(shuí)也沒有說(shuō)起過(guò)這件事。他以同樣的方式在光學(xué)領(lǐng)域工作,改變了我們對(duì)光的理解,為光譜學(xué)奠定了基礎(chǔ),但還是過(guò)了30年才把成果與別人分享。 這篇材料你能聽出多少?點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫,提高外語(yǔ)水平>>