6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)　
（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)　
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：　
When?to?start?has?not?been?decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)　
I?don’t?know?what?to?do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)　
The?difficulty?was?how?to?cross?the?river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)　
I?can?tell?you?where?to?get?this?book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）
（注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：　
I?have?no?idea?of?how?to?do?it.我不知道如何做此事?！?
B.動詞know?后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how,?what）+不定式：　
While?still?a?young?boy,?Tom?knew?to?play?the?piano?well?and?as?he?grew?older,?he?wrote?operas,?the?most?famous?of?which?is?Carmen.　
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）?！?
When?the?streets?are?full?of?melting?snow,?you?cannot?help?but?getting?your?shoes?wet.　
(3)不帶to的不定式　
1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：　
feel　覺得　observe?注意到，看到　overhear聽到　
watch注視　listen?to聽　perceive察覺，感知　
notice注意　see看見　look?at看　hear聽　
On?seeing?the?young?child?fell?into?the?lake，Eric?sprang?to?his?feet，and?went?on?the?rescue.　
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make,?let，have等。如：　
Let?him?do?it.讓他做吧?！?
I?would?have?you?know?that?I?am?ill．我想要你知道我病了。　
(注)：　
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：　
He?was?seen?to?come．　
The?boy?was?made?to?go?to?bed?early.　
②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:　
He?was?surprised?to?find?the?sheep?(to)?break?fence?at?this?season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝?！?
3)在do?nothing／anything／everything?but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：　
Last?night?I?did?nothing?but?watch?TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干?！?
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do?nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶?！?
The?doctor?told?him?nothing?but?to?stop?smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說?！?
There?was?nothing?for?them?to?do?but?to?remain?silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。　
（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)　
1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for?+名詞(或代詞賓格)+?不定式。例如：　
I?found?it?impossible?for?him?to?do?the?job?alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的?！?
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：　
It?was?wise?of?him?to?do?that．他那樣做是明智的?！?
2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞’s+動名詞。例如：　
Tom?insisted?on?my?going?with?them．他堅持要我和他們一起去?！?
He?dislikes?his?wife’s?working?late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚?！?
3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd,?bold,?brave,?courageous,?careful,?careless,?clever,?wise,?foolish,?silly,?stupid,?good,?nice,?kind?thoughtful,?considerate,?greedy,?generous,?honest,?modest,?polite,?rude,?cruel?,selfish,?wicked,?wrong等
It?is?very?kind?of?you?to?help?me．你幫助我太好了?！?
間或也可用for?+?there?to?be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to?be）?！?
It’s?a?great?pity?for?there?to?be?much?trouble?in?the?company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。?
7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型　
（1）動名詞作主語的句型　
1）Doing...+?v.?Reading?is?an?art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing?is?believing.眼見為實。　
2)?It?is?+?no?use,?no?good?(fun,?a?great?pleasure,?a?waste?of?time,?a?bore...)等名詞+doing?sth.　
It?is?no?use?crying.哭沒有用。It?is?no?good?objecting.反對也沒有用?！?
It?is?a?great?fun?playing?football．打籃球很有趣?！?
It?is?a?waste?of?time?trying?to?explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費時間?！?
3)It?is?+?useless?(nice,?good，interesting,?expensive等形容詞)+?doing?sth．　
It?is?useless?speaking.光說沒用?！?
It?is?nice?seeing?you?again．真高興又遇到了你?！?
It?is?good?Playing?chess?after?supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好?！?
It?is?expensive?running?this?car．開這種小車是浪費?！?
4)There?is?no?+?doing.．.(there?is?no?表“不可能”)　
There?is?no?telling?what?he?is?going?to?do．說出他要干什么是不可能的?！?
There?is?no?saying?what?may?happen.說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。　
5)There?is?no?use?(good/point/sense/harm)+doing?sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性)　
There?is?no?use?crying?over?spilt?milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無用?！?
6)have?difficulty?/trouble/problem?+?(in)+doing　
have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble,?fun,?a?hard?time,?a?good?time.　
例如：We?had?difficulty?(in)?carrying?out?the?plan．我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難?！?
7)feel?like?+?名詞　感覺像動名詞?“?想要”?=would?like?to?+原形動詞　
I?feel?like?a?newborn?baby．我感覺像一個新生的嬰兒?！?
Do?you?feel?like?going?to?a?movie?你想看電影嗎?　
I?don’t?feel?like?studying?tonight．今晚我不想讀書?！?
8)?spend/waste?time?doing?sth.　
They?spent?a?lot?time?(in)?making?preparations．他們花了許多時間作準(zhǔn)備?！?
9)在require后只能用動名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動的意思也要用動名詞的主動形式?！?
This?problem?requires?studying?with?great?care．這個問題需要仔細(xì)研究?！?
10）cannot?help?doing?sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗?
I?cannot?help?laughing,?once?I?see?john?in?that?big?trouser.　
(2)有關(guān)分詞句型　
1)在表示感覺和心里狀態(tài)的動詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類表示感覺的動詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如：?
She?smelt?something?burning?and?saw?smoke?rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了?！?
I?watched?them?rehearsing?the?play．我看他們排演戲?！?
I?could?feel?the?wind?blowing?on?my?face．我能感覺到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過?！?
2)表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：　
I?caught?them?stealing?my?apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋果?！?
If?she?catches?me?reading?her?diary，she’ll?be?furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。　
We?found?him?waiting?to?receive?us．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們?！?
3)go?+現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時現(xiàn)在分詞做主語補語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping?購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營。　
I’ll?go?camping?tomorrow．我明天去露營?！?
I’ll?go?shopping．我去商店。　
Would?you?like?to?go?skating?with?me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?　
4)be?busy?+?v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…　
I?am?busy?writing?my?thesis．我正忙著寫論文?！?
His?assistant?is?busy(in)?correcting?papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷?！?
或者be?busy?with?+?n.忙著做某事?！?
He?is?busy?with?his?work．他忙著工作。　
5)What?do?you?say?to?+?ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)　
What?do?you?say?to?joining?us?for?dinner?和我們一起進(jìn)餐，你看怎么樣?　
（3）有關(guān)動詞不定式句型　
下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法，只能用不定式形式。　
can?not?help?but?do,　can?not?but?do,　cannot?choose?but?do,　can?do?nothing?but?do,　have?no?choice/alternative?to?do　
When?I?consider?how?talented?he?is?as?a?painter,?I?cannot?help?but?believe?that?the?public?will?appreciate?his?gift.　
(4)there?be的非謂語形式　
there?be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測試過，定語見1996年題10。)　
The?students?expected?there?to?be?more?reviewing?classes?before?the?final?exams．(作賓語如1991年題30)　
1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there?to?be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there?being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：　
We?don’t?want?there?to?be?any?comrades?lagging?behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊?！?
They?hate?there?to?be?long?queues?everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊?！?
We?have?no?objection?to?there?being?a?meeting?here．我們并不反對在這里開會。　
It?isn’t?enough?for?there?to?be?a?frost?tonight，so?I?can?leave?Jim’s?car?out?quite?safely．(作狀語)?
2)作狀語多用there?being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞之后，for用there?to?be整個介詞短語作程度狀語，其它多半用there?being?！?
There?being?nobody?else?at?hand,?I?had?to?do?by?myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語)　
It’s?too?early?for?there?to?be?anybody?up．太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語)　
There?having?been?no?rain?for?a?long?time，the?ground?was?very?dry．因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)　
3)作主語時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用for引導(dǎo)則要用there?to?be?！?
It?is?not?uncommon?for?there?to?be?problems?of?communication?between?old?and?young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。　
There?being?a?kindergarten?on?campus?is?a?great?convenience?to?female?teachers．幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對女教師十分方便?！?
4)作定語。?There?be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時，定語從句中謂語為there?be，there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：
This?is?the?fastest?train?(that)?there?is?to?Nanking．這是到南京的最快一班車?！?
I?must?make?full?use?of?the?time?there?is?left?to?me?and?do?as?much?as?I?can?for?the?people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。?