Why do the less we know and more we believe we know?
為什么我們知道的越少而我們相信的越多？

The problem with this unrealistic perception is that to do something good, we must have at least a minimum of skills and competencies that allow us to accurately estimate what our performance will be.

這種不切實際的看法的問題在于，要做一件好事，我們必須至少具有最低限度的技能和能力，才能使我們準(zhǔn)確地估計自己的表現(xiàn)。

For example, a person may think that he sings beautifully because he does not know anything of music and the skills needed to control the tone of the voice and follow the rhythm. So he will say that he “sings like an angel” when he actually has a terrible voice.

例如，一個人可能認(rèn)為自己唱歌優(yōu)美，是因為他對音樂一無所知，也不了解控制聲音和跟隨節(jié)奏所需的技能。因此他會說，當(dāng)他實際上嗓音很差時，他“像天使一樣唱歌”。

The same applies to spelling, if we do not know the spelling rules, we cannot know where we are wrong and therefore we will not be aware of our limits, which will lead us to think that we do not make spelling mistakes.

拼寫也是如此，如果我們不知道拼寫規(guī)則，就無法知道哪里出了問題，因此我們不會意識到自己的局限性，這會使我們認(rèn)為我們沒有犯錯。

Indeed, the Dunning-Kruger effect can be seen in all aspects of life. A study at the University of Wellington showed that 80% of drivers considered being above the average, which, of course, is statistically impossible.

確實，鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)可以在生活的各個方面看到?；蒽`頓大學(xué)的一項研究表明，有80％的駕駛員被認(rèn)為高于平均水平，這在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上當(dāng)然是不可能的。

This cognitive bias has also been seen in the field of psychology. It is the case of people who argue that “the best psychologist it’s me” simply because they are completely unaware of how they could be helped by this professional figure and the complexity of the various psychological techniques.

這種認(rèn)知上的偏見也已經(jīng)在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)。人們之所以說“是我最好的心理學(xué)家”，是因為他們完全不知道這個專業(yè)人士如何為他們提供幫助以及各種心理技巧的復(fù)雜性。

In practice, we think we know everything we need to know. And this turns us into closed pople and with prejudices expressing opinions as absolute truths.

實際上，我們認(rèn)為我們知道我們需要知道的一切。這使我們變成封閉的平民，并且偏見將意見表達(dá)為絕對真理。

How to minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect, for our own good
為了我們自己的利益，如何最小化鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)（達(dá)克效應(yīng)）

We all make mistakes for calculation errors, knowledge and foresight. The story is full of epic mistakes, like the iconic Tower of Pisa, which began to tilt before the end of the construction. Only a few years ago, the French government spent 15,000 million Euros in a fleet of 2,000 new trains, so it found that they were too long for 1,200 stations of the country, and consequently had to invest even more to adapt those stations.

我們都會因計算錯誤，知識和遠(yuǎn)見而犯錯誤。這個故事充滿了史詩般的錯誤，例如標(biāo)志性的比薩斜塔，在建造結(jié)束之前就開始傾斜了。僅在幾年前，法國政府就斥資150億歐元購買了2,000列新火車，因此對于該國1200個車站而言，它們的時間太長了，因此不得不投入更多資金來適應(yīng)這些車站。

In our daily lives we can be mistaken for lack of experience and for overestimating our capabilities. Errors are not negative and we must not escape them, but we can turn them into learning tools, but we must not stumble on the same stone continuously because it would be very frustrating.

在我們的日常生活中，我們可能會因為經(jīng)驗不足和高估自己的能力而被誤認(rèn)為是錯誤的。錯誤不是消極的，我們不能逃避它們，但是我們可以將它們變成學(xué)習(xí)工具，但是我們也不能不斷地在同一塊石頭上絆倒，因為這會非常令人沮喪。

In fact, we must pay attention to this cognitive distortion, because incompetence and lack of self-criticism will not only lead us to wrong conclusions, but will also make us make the wrong decisions that will end up damaging us.

實際上，我們必須注意這種認(rèn)知上的扭曲，因為無能和缺乏自我批評不僅會導(dǎo)致我們得出錯誤的結(jié)論，而且還會使我們做出錯誤的決定，從而最終損害我們。

This means that in some cases the responsibility for “failures and mistakes” that we commit throughout our lives is not dependent on others or misfortune, but depends on the wrong assessment we make of ourselves.

這意味著在某些情況下，我們一生中對“失敗和錯誤”承擔(dān)的責(zé)任并不取決于他人或不幸，而是取決于我們對自己做出的錯誤評估。

To minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect and not transform you into a person who expresses opinions on everything without knowing anything, it is enough that you apply these simple rules:

為了最大程度地減少達(dá)克效應(yīng)并且不使您變成一個對任何事情都不發(fā)表任何意見的人，只需應(yīng)用以下簡單規(guī)則即可：

– Be at least aware of the existence of this cognitive bias

–至少要意識到這種認(rèn)知偏差的存在

– Leave a space for doubt, for the different ways of thinking and doing things

–為不同的思維方式和處事方式留出疑問的空間

– Always express your opinions in respect for the others. No matter how confident you are in your opinion, do not try to impose it

–始終表達(dá)對他人的尊重。無論您有多自信，都不要強(qiáng)加于人

We must remember that no one is familiar with all the subjects of the knowable, we all have defects and ignore many things. Therefore, the better is to deal with life with humility and the attitude of the apprentice.　

我們必須記住，沒有人熟悉可知的所有主題，我們都有缺陷并且忽略了許多事情。因此，最好以謙遜和學(xué)徒的態(tài)度來對待生活。

注：達(dá)克效應(yīng)（D-K effect），全稱為鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)（Dunning-Kruger effect）。 ?它是一種認(rèn)知偏差現(xiàn)象，指的是能力欠缺的人在自己認(rèn)識不足的基礎(chǔ)上得出錯誤結(jié)論，但是無法正確認(rèn)識到自身的不足，察覺到自己的錯誤行為。這些能力欠缺者們沉浸在自我營造的虛幻的優(yōu)勢之中，常常高估自己的能力水平，卻無法客觀評價他人的能力。