3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution
工業(yè)革命中一些重大創(chuàng)新

(1) John Kay's flying shuttle in 1733;
1733年，約翰凱的飛梭；

(2) James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny in 1766;
1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮紡紗機；

(3) Richard Arkwright's waterframe in 1769;
1769年理查德阿克賴特的水力紡織機；

(4) Samuel Crompton's mule in 1779;
1779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機；

(5) Edmund Cartwright's power loom in 1784;
1784年愛德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力織機；

(6) James Watt's steam engine in 1765.
1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機。

4．Consequences of the industrial Revolution
工業(yè)革命的結果

(1) Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world";
英國成為了"世界工場"；

(2) Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth.
城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起，成為國家財富的源泉。

(3) Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.
機械化摧毀了不能投入其中的人們的生活。工人們在可怕的條件下勞動與生活。

(4) The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.
工業(yè)革命產生了工人階級，即無產階級。后來形成了工會制度。

III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
憲章運動（1836-1848）

1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.
議會改革的原因

(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.
權力由貴族操縱。

(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.
城鎮(zhèn)和農村，北方和南方的代表權極不平等。

(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.
還有各種稱之為衰敗或口袋選區(qū)的選區(qū)。

2．Three Reform Bills
三個改革法案

Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.
1832年至1884年間通過了三個改革法案。

a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the "Greater Charter of 1832) abolished "rotten boroughs", and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant's, based on the value of their property.
1832年的《改革法案》（也稱為1832年的大憲章）廢除了"衰敗選區(qū)"；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財產價值為基礎給予許多屋主和佃家。

b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.
1834年的新貧困法強迫窮人進工廠，而沒有給他們足夠的錢在自己的家里生存。

3．A People's Charter
人民憲章

There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People's Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.
1832年的《改革法案》和《新貧困法》引起了普遍不滿。1836年，一群技術工人和小店主組成倫敦工廠聯(lián)盟。他們于1838年起草了有關政治要求的憲章（人民憲章），想把它呈送給議會。憲章有六點內容：（1）所有成年男子都有選舉權；（2）進行無記名投票；（3）平等選區(qū)；（4）議員選舉廢除財產資格要求；（5）議員應有報酬；（6）議會每年六月進行大選。

4．Results of the Chartist Movement
憲章運動的結果。

Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was "the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement."
由于領導層的軟弱和分歧，由于缺少與工會的協(xié)調，憲章運動失敗了。當時的工人階級還未成熟，沒有正確的革命理論武裝的政黨領導。但是，憲章運動是第一次全國范圍的工人階級運動，引起了對許多嚴重問題的關注。在1858至1918年間，六項要求逐漸達到，盡管第六項從未成為現(xiàn)實。列寧說憲章運動是"第一個廣泛的、真正群眾參與的，有政治組織形式的無產階級革命運動。"